Chapter 5: Language

Language

A structured system of symbols used to communicate meaning.

Symbolic

Describes how words are used to reference or represent something.

Arbitrary

Describes the lack of a direct connection between words and their meanings, except for onomatopeia.

Onomatopoeia

A word formed by imitating the sound associated with its meaning.

Rule Governed

Refers to language being structured by specific phonological, syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic rules.

Phonological Rules

Rules that deal with the correct pronunciation of words.

Syntactic Rules

Rules that dictate the order of words for intended meaning.

Syntax

The arrangement of words in sentences, impacting meaning and clarity.

Semantic Rules

Rules that define specific meanings of individual words.

Pragmatic Rules

Rules that specify the implications of statements based on context.

Denotative Meaning

The dictionary or literal meaning of a word.

Connotative Meaning

The attached meaning or emotional implications of a word.

Semantic Triangle

A model consisting of three elements: symbol, reference, referent.

Loaded Language

Words that carry strong positive or negative connotations and evoke emotions.

Ambiguity

Language that has more than one possible meaning.

Concrete Words

Specific words that reference tangible objects in the physical world.

Abstract Words

Broad words that refer to concepts rather than specific objects.

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

The idea that language shapes a person's view of reality.

Linguistic Determinism

The belief that language limits our thinking and experiences.

Linguistic Relativism

The belief that language influences but does not limit perceptions.

Ethos

A speaker's respectability, trustworthiness, and moral character.

Pathos

Emotional appeal to the listener.

Logos

Logical reasoning based on evidence.

Credibility

The extent to which others find someone's words and actions trustworthy.

Clichés

Overused phrases that have lost their originality and impact.

Dialects

Variations of a language associated with specific regions or social classes.

Equivocation

Use of vague language to disguise true intentions.

Weasel Words

Terms intended to mislead listeners by implying something without stating it.

Allness Statements

Claims that imply something is true without exceptions.

Expressing Affection

Using language to convey love and care.

Acknowledging Loss

Using words to comfort those grieving a loss.

Offering Assistance

Using supportive language to express willingness to help.

Humor

Unexpected language use that can enhance relationships.

Euphemisms

Vague terms used to soften the impact of harsh realities.

Slang

Informal language that can connect or create barriers between groups.

Jargon

Technical vocabulary used within specific occupations.

Defamation

Language that damages a person's reputation.

Libel

A defamatory statement made in written or fixed forms.

Slander

A defamatory statement made aloud.

Profanity

Language deemed offensive, often context-dependent.

Hate Speech

Language used to demean or intimidate specific groups.

Communication Climate

The emotional tone of a relationship.

Confirming Messages

Messages that make someone feel valued and important.

Disconfirming Messages

Messages that imply a lack of regard for another person.

Supportive Behavior

Communicates care and consideration.

Defensive Behavior

Provokes a defensive response, creating distance.

Separating Opinion and Fact

Distinguishing between personal beliefs and objective realities.

I Statements

Statements that express personal feelings or thoughts.

You Statements

Statements that can imply blame or accusation.