Food Animal Growth and Development Test 1

what are the 3 main parts of the cell

cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm

what color is the nucleus on a slide

blue

what is growth

refers to the increase in size of an animal

what are the two major components of growth

cellular growth and extracellular growth

what are the two types of cellular growth

hypertropy and hyperplasia

what is hypertropy

increase in size

what is hyperplasia

increase in number

what is extracellular growth

accretion of materials in the extracellular space

what is development

refers to increase in complexity

what is the process that goes from a single cell to an adult animal called

animal development

what are the three components of development

growth, differentiation, and morphogenesis

what does differentiation refer to

being specialized

what is morphogenesis

shaping and patterning of body

what are the two parts of growth of major tissues

true growth and fattening

true growth

growth of muscle and bone

fattening

growth of adipose tissue

why do we study animal growth and development

sufficient knowledge means right size and shape, right composition, and high efficiency

cell

basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms

tissue

groups of closely associated cells and cell products that act together to perform specific functions

organ

recognizable structure that performs complex functions

what are the 4 types of primary tissues

• epithelial tissue

• connective tissue

• muscle tissue

• nervous tissue

primary tissue is ? distributed

broadly

epithelial tissue

a thin layer of tissue that covers the surface of the body, lining body cavities and hollow organs throughout the body, and form glands

what are the two environments the epithelium separates

external and internal environment as well as internal and internal environment

what are cells like in epithelial tissue

tightly organized and polarized

what is extracellular space like in epithelial tissue

limited (they do have it just limited)

is epithelial tissue vascularized

no it is avascular → it gets it nutrients from surrounding tissue

simple epithelium

composed of a single layer of cells

where is simple epithelium tissue located

in well protected areas where maximal secretion and absorption are needed

stratified epithelium

multiple layers of cells

where is stratified epithelium tissue located

exposed areas where there is friction with the outer environment (skin, extremities of digestive tract)

pseudostratified

single layer, but the cell nuclei are positioned at different levels and suggestive of being stratified

example of where pseudo-stratified tissue is

lining of respirratory tract

squamous

thin and flat

cuboidal

box-like

columnar

slender, elongated

transitional

cell shape changes

simple squamous location

endothelium, epithelium of lung, mesothelium

simple cuboidal location

some kidney tubules, thryoid gland, sweat gland

simple columnar location

digestive tract

pseudo-stratified columnar location

trachea and epididymis

stratified squamous location

epidermis, oral mucosa, vagina, anal mucosa

stratified cuboidal location

sweat gland duct

stratified columnar location

trachea, epiglottis

transitional location

bladder, ureter

basic simple and stratified epithelium function

simple - secretes

stratified - protects

what is this

simple squamous epithelial tissue

what is this

simple cuboidal epithelial tissue

what is this

simple columnar

what is this

stratified squamous

what is this

transitional

what is a special organelle of epithelial tissue

ciliac

cilia

slender (hair-like) extensions of cell membrane almost every cell has a primary cilium

what are the four functions of epithelial tissue

• protection

• transportation (absorption, excretion)

• secretion

• sensation

connective tissue cell characterisitics

sparse

connective tissue extracellular space characterisitcs

rich

is connective tissue vascularized

yes but not all

what are the two types of connective tissue

connective tissue proper and specialized connective tissue

connective tissue proper types

loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue

specialized connective tissue types

• adipose tissue

• cartilage and bone

• blood and lymph

connective tissue cell shape

stellate, with multiple dendrites

what are the two types of cells in connective tissue

fixed and wandering

fixed cells

• fibroblast

• adipocyte

• tendon cell

wandering cells

mast cell and macrophage

what are the two parts of the extracellular matrix in connective tissue

ground substance and fibers

what is the ground substance of the extracellular matrix in connective tissue

tissue “fluid”

3 types of fibers

• collagenous

• reticular

• elastic

what is the most abundant protein in the body

collagen

what are collagen fibers synthesized from

fibroblasts

procollagen

alpha helices linked by disulfide bonds in the non-helical portion of molecule

what does cross linking of collagen do

gives it strength

what part of the molecule in collagen fiber provides stability

helical part

how many known collagen types are there

11

true or false: there is one single type of collagen

false - there is not one single type

how are reticular fibers formed

formed similarly to collagen but without large bundles

reticular fibers characteristics

small and delicate within abundant ground substance

where is reticular fiber found

in connective tissue surrounding parenchyma of many organs

characteristics of elastic fibers

very elastic and capable of reversibly stretching to double their length

what is elastin primarily composed of

desmosine and isodesmosine

what are elastic fibers secreted as

a precursor molecule, then cross linked

where are elastic fibers location

blood vessels, ligaments, lungs, and skin

5 characteristics of collagenous

• thick

• composed of collagen

• great tensile strength

• abundant in dense CT

• hold structures together

where are collagenous fibers

tendons, ligaments

what are 4 characteristics of reticular fibers

• very thin

• composed of collagen

• highly branched

• form supportive networks

3 characteristics of elastic fibers

• bundles of microfibrils embedded in elastin

• fibers branch

• elastic

where are elastic fibers found

• vocal cords

• air passages

• blood vessels

what does loose connective tissue contain

few collagen and elastin fibers

what does loose connective tissue provide

loosely associated so it provides maximum flexibility and provides structure to blood vessels and nerves

loose connective tissue is not ? or ?

strong or rigid

loose connective tissue is ? and contains ?

highly vascularized and contains numerous cells

what does loose connective tissue act as

packing material between some organs

what does dense connective tissue contain

numerous collagen and elastin fibers for maximal strength and little flexibility

what is regular dense CT

fibers arranged in parallel bundles

where is regular dense CT found

tendons and muscles

tendons

muscle to bone

ligaments

bone to bone

what is irregular dense CT

thick mat of fibers running in all directions

where is irregular dense CT found

dermis of skin and mammary gland

what does supportive connective tissue include

bone and cartilage

what are the 6 functions of CT

• connection

• support

• transport (nutrients and wastes)

• protection

• immunity

• storage