Lab Practical 2 - BIOL 320

What are the 2 main groups of the digestive system?

1. alimentary canal
2. accessory digestive organs

5 processes of digestion

1. ingestion
2. propulsion
3. mechanical and enzymatic digestion
4. absorption
5. elimination

small intestine segments

1. duodenum
2. jejunum
3. ileum

large intestine segments

1. colon

* ascending
* transverse
* descending


2. rectum

lipid digestion main points

liver: produces bile to help move lipids through small intestine

stomach: little digestion occurs

pancreas: enzyme lipase

small I: most digestion occurs here

CHO digestion main points

mouth: begins digestion with chewing and salivary amylase

liver: converts fructose and galactose to glucose

stomach: HCl acid

pancreas: contributes enzymes

small I: remaining disaccharides are broken down

paired arteries

1. renal a.
2. adrenal lumbar a.
3. iliac lumbar a.
4. external iliac a.
5. internal iliac a.

unpaired arteries

1. celiac a.
2. superior mesenteric a.
3. inferior mesenteric a.
4. medial sacral a.

what makes the left kidney different?

extra artery (gonadal)

celiac a. branches

1. splenic a.
2. left gastric a.
3. hepatic a.

superior mesenteric a. branches

1. middle colic a.
2. ileocolic a.
3. intestinal a.
4. posterior pancreatic duodenal a.

inferior mesenteric a. branches

1. left colic a.
2. superior rectal a.

what artery is in humans but not in cats?

common iliac a. but cats have veins

what veins combine to for the hepatic portal vein?

splenic vein and superior mesenteric

muscles of inspiration

1. sternocleidomastoid
2. scalenes
3. external intercostals
4. diaphragm

muscles of expiration

1. internal intercostals
2. diaphragm
3. external oblique
4. internal oblique
5. transversus abdominus
6. rectus abdominus

Boyles law

at a constant temp, the pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume

inhalation vs exhalation (pressure and volume)

inhalation: increase volume and decrease pressure

exhalation: decrease volume and increase pressure

tissue of the alveoli?

elastic connective tissue for expansion

function of pulmonary capillaries?

exchange gases with alveoli and tissues

lobes of the lungs

right:


1. superior lobe
2. middle lobe
3. inferior lobe

left:


1. superior lobe
2. inferior lobe

4 lung volumes

1. inspiratory reserve volume (1900ml F, 3100ml M)
2. tidal volume (500ml)
3. expiratory reserve volume (700ml F, 1200ml M)
4. reserve volume (1100ml F, 1200ml M)

which volume is not recorded by spirometry?

reserve volume

5 lung capacities

1. inspiratory capacity (2400ml F, 3600ml M)
2. expository capacity (1200ml F, 1700ml M)
3. vital capacity (3100ml F, 4800ml M)
4. functional residual capacity (1800ml F, 2400ml M)
5. total lung capacity (4200ml F, 6000ml M)

inspiratory capacity equation

IC\=TV+IRV

expiratory capacity equation

EC \= TV + ERV

vital capacity equation

VC \= TV + IRV + ERV

functional residual capacity equation

FRC \= ERV + RV

total lung capacity equation

TLC \= VC + RV

pontine respiratory center

refine transitions between inhalation and exhalation

eupnea

clinical term for a normal breathing rate

hypercapnia

high CO2 in blood (decrease pH)


1. hypercapnia
2. aortic arch
3. chemoreceptor
4. DRG
5. VRG
6. increase ventilation rate

Hypernea vs hyperventilation

hypernea: increase breathing rate and depth that matches metabolic need (exercise)

hyperventilation: increased breathing rate and depth that exceeds body need (anxiety attack)

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

emphysema and chronic bronchitis

irreversible lung damage

dyspnea

clinical term for difficult or labored breathing and symptom of COPD

Emphysema

permanent enlargement of the alveoli due to destruction of the alveolar walls

factors influencing breathing

lung stretch receptors: keep from overfilling

irritant response: sneezing

higher brain center: Brain influence

chemicals: chemoreceptors

Ratio of FEV1/FVC

normal = 80%

obstructive disorder < 80%

restrictive disorder > 80%

mixed disorder < 80%

blood flow through kidney

female gonads

ovaries - primary reproductive organ, produce both estrogen and progesterone

fallopian tubes

site of fertilization

infundibulum

the funnel-shaped opening into the fallopian tube near the ovary that catches oocyte

Layers of the uterus

1. perimetrium
2. myometrium
3. endometrium

* functional (shed during mensuration)
* basal (produce new functional layer)

function of uterus

site of embryo implantation

cervix

internal os: opening into the uterus

external os: opening into the vagina

cervix cells

endocervical canal: ciliated simple columnar epithelial

ectocervix: stratified squamous epithelial

vagina layers and cells

between the bladder and rectum

layers:


1. fibroelastic adventitia
2. muscularis
3. inner mucosa

stratified squamous epithelial

Bartholin's glands

produce a mucus to lubricate and moisten the vagina

homologous structures

labia majora - male scrotum

labia minora - vental penis

bartholins glands - bulbourethral gland

clitoris - penis

corpus spongiosum vs corpus cavernosa

corpus cavernous becomes engorged with arterial blood

sperm development order

1. seminiferous tubules
2. rete testis
3. efferent ductules
4. epididymis
5. vas deferens

seminiferous tubules

site of sperm production

Epididymis

site of maturation of sperm

vas deferens

transport sperm from epididymis to urethra

ejaculatory duct

fusion of vas deferens and seminal vesticle duct

bulbourethral glands

produce fluid that serves to lubricate urethra and neutralize any acidity from urine

Digestive system layers

1. Lumen
2. Mucosa

* epithelium
* laminate propia
* muscularis mucosa


3. Submuscosa
4. Muscularis

* circular muscle
* longitudinal muscle


5. Serosa

What can be seen in the slides of the duodenum?

Brunners glands (alkaline) in submucosa

What can be seen in the ileum and colon slides?

Peyers patch's in submucosa

On lips...

Keratin on outer region and glands on inner region

What can be seen on colon slides?

Thick layer of submucosa and large goblet cells

exocrine vs endocrine glands

Exocrine have epithelial attachment

Exocrine gland shapes

1. Simple tubulan
2. Simple branched tubulan
3. Simple coiled tubulan
4. Simple acinar
5. Simple branched acinar

Endocrine gland shapes

1. Cord and clump
2. Follicular type

Lymph follicles

Located in cortex

maturation of B cells

primary follicle: immature B cells

secondary follicle: activation of B cells

What can be seen on lingual tonsil slides?

Muscle and salivary glands

What can be seen on pharyngeal slide?

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial

Thymus

Made up of lobules with septoe separating them

maturation of T cells

contain Hassan's capsule

spleen

Filter RBCs

divided into 2 regions

* white pulp = WBC
* red pulp = RBC

Lymph node

Lingual tonsil

Palatine tonsil

Thymus

hassalls corpuscles

Spleen

white pulp = blue

red pulp = red

what disease is this?

Hodgkins granuloma - cancer of lymphatic system. can lead to breakdown of splenic pulps

Reed-Sternberg cells

Lip

Tongue - taste bub

papilla containing taste buds

Tooth

Esophagus

Parotid gland

one of the 3 major salivary glands, located on superficial masseter on both sides of head

Stomach

contain gastric pits and glands

Duodenum

brunners gland and goblet cells

Jejunum

Ileum

Colon

What disorder is this?

Cirrhosis

fibrous fatty deposits in liver

What disorder is this?

Hepatitis

viral infection of the liver

Pancreas

beta and alpha cells

islets of langerhans

Thyroid gland

parafollicular cells secrete calcitonin

\

parathyroid gland

secrete parathyroid hormone

Larynx

contain vocal cords

Trachea

Lung

What disorder is this?

Emphysema

COPD

breakage and collapse of alveoli

What disorder is this?

Pneumonia

inflammatory disease

What disorder is this?

Tuberculosis

mycobacterium tuberculosis

What disorder is this?

Lung carcinoma

primary lung cancer

Kidney

Bowmans capsule

What disorder is this?

Kidney carcinoma

cancer of the kidney that originates in the renal tubules and renal pelvis

Ureter