Exam 1 review

Karen Horney

Challenged Freud’s ideas about women, emphasizing cultural and social influences on personality.

Neurotic needs

Coping strategies developed to deal with anxiety, moving toward, against, or away from people.

Difference between Horney and Freud

Horney focused on anxiety and social factors rather than sexual instincts.

Personality

Unique, consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

Levels of personality

Human nature, individual differences, individual uniqueness.

Trait

A consistent characteristic across situations.

Temperament

Biologically based tendencies from birth.

Personality formula

Personality = Temperament + experiences + learned patterns.

Types of traits (Allport)

Cardinal, Central, and Secondary traits.

Self-actualization

Emphasized by Abraham Maslow as the realization of one's potential.

Self-concept

Emphasized by Carl Rogers as how you perceive yourself.

Big Five traits

McCrae & Costa's traits: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.

Personality assessment

Ways to measure personality.

Self-report

A method of personality measurement that asks directly.

Projective tests

Reveal unconscious traits via ambiguous stimuli.

Reliability

A test gives the same results twice.

Validity

A test measures what it’s supposed to.

Rorschach inkblot test

Created by Hermann Rorschach.

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Created by Henry Murray.

MMPI developers

Developed by Hathaway & McKinley.

Founder of psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud.

Unconscious

The level of consciousness that hides stuff.

Id

The pleasure-seeker component of personality.

Ego

The reality balancer of personality.

Superego

The moral compass of personality.

Defense mechanisms

Unconscious strategies to reduce anxiety, such as forgetting trauma.

Karen Horney's emphasis

Social and cultural influences on personality.

Psychosocial stages

Life span development stages emphasized by Erik Erikson.

Inferiority complex

Striving for superiority, emphasized by Alfred Adler.

Collective unconscious

A concept developed by Carl Jung, containing archetypes.

Key terms related to personality

Psychosexual stages, Anxiety, Neurotic needs, Archetypes.

Trait approach

Focuses on measurable traits like extraversion.

Big Five

Five core traits: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.

Genetics + environment =

Personality.

Heritability

The proportion of variation in personality due to genetics.

Infant temperament types (Thomas & Chess)

Easy, difficult, slow-to-warm-up.

Twin study personality genetics

Bouchard & Lykken's research on genetic influences.

Biological traits model

Developed by Hans Eysenck, including extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism.

Learning theory

Personality shaped by rewards & punishments.

Behaviorism

Theory that focuses on the observable behavior learned from the environment.

Classical conditioning

A learning process described by Pavlov.

Social-cognitive theory

Bandura's theory that thoughts, behavior, and environment interact.

Self-efficacy

Belief in one's ability to succeed.

Locus of control

The perception of control over events in one's life, internal vs external.

Observational learning

Learning by watching others, as proposed by Bandura.

Defense mechanisms (types)

Strategies to protect the self from anxiety.

Cardinal trait

The dominant trait described by Allport.

Central trait

Major traits that shape behavior.

Secondary trait

Minor traits that are specific to certain situations.

OCEAN

An acronym for the Big Five traits in personality psychology.

Acronym for Big Five traits

OCEAN: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.

Reciprocal determinism

Bandura's principle of the interaction between thoughts, behavior, and environment.

Modeling

Learning through observation and imitation.

Temperament

Biologically based tendencies from birth.

Reliability

The consistency of a psychological test.

Validity

The accuracy of a psychological test.

Neurotic needs

Coping strategies identified by Horney for dealing with anxiety.

Psychosexual stages

Freud's theory of personality development stages.

Archetypes

Universal symbols in Jung's collective unconscious.

Self-concept

Your personal view of yourself.

Defense mechanisms

Unconscious strategies for anxiety reduction.

Belief in success

Self-efficacy.

Personality assessment methods

Tools used to evaluate personality traits and characteristics.

Personality science acronym

OCEAN for Big Five traits.

Personality influences

Genetic, environmental, and social factors.

Key figures in psychology

Horney, Freud, Maslow, Rogers, Jung, and Adler.

Constructs of personality

Factors including temperament, traits, and learned behaviors.

Cardinal trait

A dominant characteristic that defines a person.

Central trait

A major characteristic shaping a person's behavior.

Secondary trait

Minor characteristics that appear in specific situations.