Exam 1 review

Q: Who challenged Freud’s ideas about women and emphasized cultural and social influences on personality?

A: Karen Horney – argued that personality is shaped more by social and cultural factors than just biology/sexual drives.

Q: What key concept did Karen Horney introduce related to coping strategies?

A: Neurotic needs – strategies people develop to deal with anxiety, like moving toward, against, or away from people.

Q: How did Horney differ from Freud?

A: She rejected Freud’s idea that personality is driven mainly by sexual instincts, focusing instead on anxiety, social relationships, and cultural pressures.

Chapter 1: What is Personality?

Front: What’s the “personal style of being” that makes you… you?

Back: Personality – unique, consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving

Front: Levels of personality?

Back: Human nature (everyone shares), Individual differences (traits differ), Individual uniqueness (your mix)

Front: What’s a consistent characteristic across situations?

Back: Trait

Front: Biologically based tendencies from birth?

Back: Temperament

Front: Personality = ?

Back: Temperament + experiences + learned patterns

Front: Types of traits (Allport)?

Back: Cardinal (dominant), Central (major), Secondary (minor)

Front: Who emphasized self-actualization?

Back: Abraham Maslow

Front: Who emphasized self-concept?

Back: Carl Rogers

Front: Big Five traits?

Back: McCrae & Costa – OCEAN (Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism)

Chapter 2: Personality Assessment

Front: Ways to measure personality?

Back: Personality assessment

Front: Self-report vs projective – which asks directly?

Back: Self-report

Front: Which reveals unconscious traits via ambiguous stimuli?

Back: Projective tests

Front: Test gives same results twice?

Back: Reliability

Front: Test measures what it’s supposed to?

Back: Validity

Front: Who created the Rorschach inkblot test?

Back: Hermann Rorschach

Front: Who created the TAT?

Back: Henry Murray

Front: MMPI developers?

Back: Hathaway & McKinley

Chapter 3: Psychoanalytic & Neo-Freudian Approaches

Front: Founder of psychoanalysis?

Back: Sigmund Freud

Front: Conscious, preconscious, unconscious – which hides stuff?

Back: Unconscious

Front: Id, ego, superego – which is pleasure-seeker?

Back: Id

Front: Reality balancer?

Back: Ego

Front: Moral compass?

Back: Superego

Front: Forgetting trauma, blaming others, making excuses?

Back: Defense mechanisms

Front: Social & cultural influences, neurotic needs?

Back: Karen Horney

Front: Psychosocial stages, lifespan development?

Back: Erik Erikson

Front: Inferiority complex, striving for superiority?

Back: Alfred Adler

Front: Collective unconscious & archetypes?

Back: Carl Jung

Front: Key terms?

Back: Psychosexual stages, Anxiety, Neurotic needs, Archetypes

Chapter 4: Trait & Biological Approaches

Front: Measurable traits like extraversion = ?

Back: Trait approach

Front: Big Five = ?

Back: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism

Front: Genetics + environment = ?

Back: Personality

Front: Genetics influence proportion = ?

Back: Heritability

Front: Infant temperament types?

Back: Easy, difficult, slow-to-warm-up (Thomas & Chess)

Front: Twin study personality genetics?

Back: Bouchard & Lykken

Front: Biological traits model?

Back: Hans Eysenck – extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism

Key Terms: Temperament, Heritability, Biological basis of personality

Chapter 5: Learning & Cognitive Approaches

Front: Personality shaped by rewards & punishments?

Back: Learning theory

Front: Behavior learned from environment, nothing hidden inside?

Back: Behaviorism (Skinner)

Front: Classical conditioning = ?

Back: Pavlov

Front: Thoughts + behavior + environment interact = ?

Back: Social-cognitive theory (Bandura)

Front: Belief in ability to succeed = ?

Back: Self-efficacy

Front: Internal vs external control = ?

Back: Locus of control (Rotter)

Front: Observational learning = ?

Back: Bandura – learn by watching others