Chapter 13 - The Properties of Mixtures: Solutions and Colloids

reverse osmosis

On a big scale, ________ is used for desalination, which can convert saltwater (40, 000 ppm ion concentration) to potable water (400 ppm ion concentration) (Figure B13.3)

abundant component

In general, the solvent is the most ________ of the solution, whereas the solute is the material that dissolves in the solvent.

Colloids

________ are classified by the physical states of the dispersed and dispersing substances and involve many combinations of gas, liquid, and /or solid.

Salts

________ are insoluble in hexane (C6H14) because the ion- induced dipole interactions between the ion and the nonpolar hexane are relatively weak and can not compensate for the strong ionic attractions.

S, solubility

When an excess of a solute is present, its _________ is defined as the greatest amount that dissolves in a constant quantity of a given solvent at a particular temperature.

resin sites

When all ________ are occupied, the resin is regenerated with a concentrated Na+ solution that exchanges Na+ ions for bound Ca2+ and Mg2+.

Alcohols

________ are chemical molecules with dual polarity, consisting of a polar hydroxyl (OH) group linked to a nonpolar hydrocarbon group:

Dispersion forces

________ contribute to the solubility of all solutes in all solvents, but they are the primary intermolecular force in nonpolar solutions like petroleum and gasoline.

hexane

Because dispersion forces in one can replace dispersion forces in the other, oil is soluble in ________.

hard water cations

The ________ displace the Na+ ions and bind to the anionic groups.

Dipole

________- induced dipole forces, which are similarly based on polarizability, occur when a polar molecule bends a nonpolar molecule's electron cloud.