Bacterial infections

Toxic Shock Syndrome

A severe illness characterized by fever, hypotension, vomiting, and potentially scalded skin syndrome.

Pathogen

An agent, like a bacterium or virus, that causes disease.

Staphylococcus aureus

pathogen that can cause toxic shock syndrome.

Signs/Symptoms of Toxic Shock Syndrome

Fever, hypotension, vomiting, and scalded skin syndrome in late stages.

Transmission of Toxic Shock Syndrome

Shedding of palms/soles, tampon usage, and open wounds.

Diagnostics for Toxic Shock Syndrome

Bodily fluid sample for microscopic examination.

Prevention of Toxic Shock Syndrome

Avoid long-term usage of high-absorbency tampons.

Necrotizing Fasciitis

A severe infection causing tissue death, often caused by Streptococcus pyogenes.

Pathogen for Necrotizing Fasciitis

Streptococcus pyogenes.

Signs/Symptoms of Necrotizing Fasciitis

Intense pain, swelling, necrosis, fever, body aches, and possible organ failure.

Transmission of Necrotizing Fasciitis

Direct contact with bacteria and an open wound, especially in warmer climates.

Diagnostics for Necrotizing Fasciitis

Tissue samples and gram staining.

Treatment for Necrotizing Fasciitis

Aggressive surgical removal of tissue and broad-spectrum antibiotics.

Bacterial Meningitis

An inflammation of the meninges, the protective layers around the brain and spinal cord.

Pathogen for Bacterial Meningitis

Common pathogens include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitis,Hemophilus influenzae, Listeria Monocytogenes, Streptococcus Agalactia 

Signs/Symptoms of Bacterial Meningitis

Headache, stiff neck, photophobia, nausea, vomiting, and confusion.

Neisseria meningitis 

what type of meningitis can be spread through respiratory droplets from infected individuals?

Diagnostics for Bacterial Meningitis

CSF analysis via spinal tap, gram stain, and culture.

Treatment for Bacterial Meningitis

Immediate multiple antibiotics and possible vaccination.

Encephalitis, symptom of menigitis

Inflammation of the brain, can cause deafness, blindness, and high mortality rate.

Signs/Symptoms of Bacterial Meningitis

Deafness, blindness, behavioral changes, coma, and potential death.

Tuberculosis

An infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, primarily affecting the lungs.

Signs/Symptoms of Tuberculosis

Breathing difficulty, fatigue, chest pain, coughing blood, and weight loss.

Transmission of Tuberculosis

Airborne pathogen spread through droplets from an infected person.

Diagnostics for Tuberculosis

Mantoux test, chest X-ray, and sputum analysis.

Treatment for Tuberculosis

Long-term, multi-drug therapy typically lasting over six months.

Peptic Ulcers

Erosions of the lining in the gastrointestinal tract, often caused by Helicobacter pylori.

Signs/Symptoms of Peptic Ulcers

Nausea, vomiting, weight loss, chest pain, and bloody stool/vomit.

Pathogen for Peptic Ulcers

Helicobacter pylori.

Peptic Ulcers

Fecal-oral transmission and associated risk factors include stress and smoking.

Diagnostics for Peptic Ulcers

Urease test, endoscopy, and biopsy.

Treatment for Peptic Ulcers

Antibiotics and acid reducers.

Chlamydia

The most common STI caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, often asymptomatic.

Signs/Symptoms of Chlamydia

Painful urination, watery discharge, and often co-infection with other STIs.

Transmission of Chlamydia

Direct contact with bodily fluids, especially during childbirth.

Diagnostics for Chlamydia

Culture from urethra or vagina, antigen/DNA detection.

Prevention of Chlamydia

Routine screening, treating all partners, and using condoms.

Antibiotic Treatment for Chlamydia

Treat all partners but no long-term protection against reinfection.

Necrotizing Fasciitis Transmission

Often occurs through cuts, wounds, or tissue damage.

Bacterial Meningitis Symptoms

Long-term headaches, confusion, irritability, and convulsions.

Pneumococcal Bacterial Meningitis

Caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, usually linked to lung, sinus, or ear infections.

Meningococcal 

Is there a vaccine associated with Neisseria meningitis 

Vaccination for Bacterial Meningitis

Available for the top three bacterial meningitis pathogens.

Listeria Monocytogenes

A foodborne pathogen often found in refrigerated foods.

penicillin

How is baby treated with Streptococcus Agalactia 

diagnoses tuberculosis

A unique component of the cell wall of Mycobacterium, used in the acid-fast stain

Mantoux Test

A skin test for tuberculosis that checks for infection history.

Pneumococcal 

Streptococcus pneumonia  bacterial meningitis vaccine

Urease Test

A test to detect Helicobacter pylori via urea breakdown.

Gastric lining of small intestine and stomach which can rupture with perforation of ulcers.

What is affected by peptic ulcers?

Fluid Replacement

A treatment needed for toxic shock syndrome to restore blood pressure.

Direct Contact

A common transmission method for STIs, including chlamydia.

HIV

Tuberculosis is commonly co infecting with ___

Macrophage's Role in TB

White blood cells that engulf Mycobacterium tuberculosis but cannot kill it - ends up housing it by enclosing the tuberculosis

BCG Vaccine

A vaccine for tuberculosis using Mycobacterium bovis, used in areas with high TB prevalence.

diagnostics of meningitis

High white blood cell counts in CSF and cloudy appearance

High Absorbency Tampons

Use of these can increase the risk of toxic shock syndrome.

Antibiotics for Chlamydia

Effective in treating chlamydia but not providing long-term immunity.

Spinal tap (CSF in lumbar region bacterial vs viral), Gram stain and culture  

Diagnostic testing of bacterial meningitis includes

Penicillin

An antibiotic used to treat various bacterial infections, including group B streptococcus in pregnant women.

Acid Fast Test

A method used to identify Mycobacterium tuberculosis in patients' sputum.

Urease test

A test for detecting Helicobacter pylori

Flagella

distinct feature of Helicobacter pylori cell

Bodily Fluid Examination

A diagnostic procedure often used to identify infections such as toxic shock syndrome.

Pneumonia and Meningitis Connection

Meningitis can develop from untreated pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Ectopic Pregnancy

A complication of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) resulting from untreated STIs like chlamydia.

Tuberculosis ( Mycobacterium tuberculosis)

Coughing up blood and weight loss are classic presentations of active _____