Bacterial infections
Disease name | Pathogen | Signs/Symptoms | Transmission/how pathogen is acquired (if discussed) | Diagnostics (if discussed) | Prevention and/or treatment
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Toxic Shock Syndrome | Staphylococcus aureus | Fever, hypotension, vomiting, scalded skin syndrome (late stages) Shedding of palms/soles
| Tampon usage Wound | bodily fluid sample for microscopic examination | Avoid long term usage of high absorbency tampons Fluid replacement Antibiotics |
Necrotizing Fasciitis
(503-504)
Necrotizing (cell death) Fasciitis (entire tissues dead) | Streptococcus Pyogenes = S. Pyogenes
Round cells in chain
|
- a cut / wound - Tissue damage - Intense pain - Swelling
Necrosis cuts of blood supply (tissues turn blue/black) - hypoxic - bacteria can destroys cm per hour - Fever - Body ache
SHOCK, ORGAN FAILURE, DEATH | Skin exposed - bacteria enters
Direct contact with bacteria and a open wound
Bacteria in water ways - warmer climates/ contaminated with feces | Difficult Initial flu-like symptoms, extreme/ acute pain
Tissue samples - gram staining | Aggressive surgical removal of tissue (dead and healthy) - broad Sprectrum antibiotics |
Bacterial Meningitis
For all:
itis= inflammation Inflammation of meninges |
| Inflammation that puts pressure Longterm headaches Headache Stiff neck Photophobia Nausea Vomiting Decreased brain function High fever Drowsiness Confusion Irritability Convulsions | Infection of meninges (layers of tissue to protect spinal cord) and cerebrospinal fluid - puts pressure on brain | CSF = cerebral spinal fluid High white blood cell counts in CSF
Encephalitis (inflammation of brain) Deafness, Blindness, Behavioral changes, Coma, Death- high mortality rate Neurological damage
Symptoms, Spinal tap (CSF in lumbar region bacterial vs viral), Gram stain and culture
CSF should be clear
Septic (purulent) meningitis = cloudy (increased cells 200-20000 neutrophils, high numbers of protein >100, low numbers of glucose <45)
| Immediate treatment is crucial Multiple antibiotics Broad spectrum antibiotics – may change after ID
Vaccination: only for top 3
|
Bacterial Meningitis | Streptococcus pneumonia | - infection of lungs, sinuses, ear | Trauma/ surgery - damage to the skull/ vertebral column - break in skull/ vertebral column - infection of lungs, sinuses, ear |
| Pneumococcal |
Bacterial Meningitis | Neisseria meningitis |
| Spread through infection (person to person through respiratory droplets) |
| Everyone in proximity needs to be treated – preventative treatment = round of antibiotics – Proactive
Meningococcal
|
Bacterial Meningitis | Hemophilus influenzae |
|
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| Hib |
Bacterial Meningitis
| Listeria Monocytogenes | Food born infection
Lives in refrigerated foods | Autoimmune / pregnant
Listeria – affects GI tract but can move to spinal |
| Treat susceptible foods with lytic phage
Avoid under- pasteurized foods |
Bacterial Meningitis
| Streptococcus Agalactia | Group b Strep Mom has in vagina – Un symptomatic
| Babies come into contact = bacterial meningitis |
| Mom treated with penicillin, ampicillin, vancomycin Baby w/ penicillin |
Tuberculosis | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Looks like respiratory infection when active - Breathing difficulty, fatigue, chest pain, coughing up blood, malaise (ill feeling), weight loss
Alveoli = where gas exchange occurs Alveolus = typically has white blood cell that will eat bacteria – macrophage Breath with tuberculosis will enter alveolus – white blood cell eats it – MYCOBACTERIUM DOES NOT GET KILLED BY BEING EATEN – lives in white blood cell and harbors it – other white blood cells now housing the mycobacterium- will wall off with collagen= tubercle NOW infection is dormant.
Blood gets into phlegm from the alveolus
Tubercle can rupture later in life – spread from lung to other places | Droplets Airborne pathogen Immunosuppressed Old age – decreased collagen = wall breaks down
Malnutrition Common co infection with HIV | acid fast (differential stain) – Mycolic Acid in cell wall Pink, rods = (bacillus)
Tuberculin test /Mantoux test /PPD = protein inserted – negative = no sign – positive = more than 15 mm if you have ever had tuberculosis
Chest X-RAY – confirm tubercules (walled off)
Acid fast test of patient's sputum/ phlegm – mycobacterium = pink rods
| Isolation in hospital Proper PPE
Long-term, multi drug therapy 6 months +
Multi drug resistance Low-income area can't afford
BCG vaccine M. Bovis - Only used where TB is common in childhood – will test PPD positive because body is ready
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Peptic Ulcers Erosion of lining in GI Tract | Helicobacter Pylori H. Pylori
Flagella | Gastric lining (stomach) duodenal ulcer (small intestine) Performation – rupture in lining
Untreated = internal bleeding/ bowel obstruction
Raw spot
Stress, alcohol, smoking, poor diet – increases risk | Fecal oral
Risk factors: Aspirin, ibephrophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory meds
Excessive drinking, smoking, genetic history
| Morphology of cell – flagella
Urease test – urea = broken down by urease - releases ammonia (raises PH) - helicobacter defense mechanism – can live here now.
Endoscopy, biopsy (gram stain)
Urease test – if urease present so is helicobacter
Urea breath test
| Antibiotics and acid reducer |
Chlamydia: #1 STI 5X more in women, lots are ASYMPTIMATIC | Chlamydia trachomatis | Painful urination (urethritis), watery disacharge, burning, itching, painful urination, commonly with other STI Spread to eye if mom has while giving birth.
PID – severe pain, infertility, ectopic pregnancy (when it travels into the reproductive tract)
Ulcers in mouth | Direct contact with bodily fluids | Culture from urethra or vagina Swab + iodine (back brownish )
Chlamydia antigen/DNA detection
| Routine screening , no vaccine, treat all partners,
Antibiotics – you can get again NO long term protection
there are antibiotic strains |