AP Euro - Protestant Reformation

October 31st 1517

 Martin Luther nailed the 95 theses to a church door, beginning the protestant reformation. -

Theology of Reform - Martin Luther’s ideas

PAINSS

PAINSS

• Pluralism – when a single person holds multiple church positions at one time

• Absenteeism – a person who holds a church position but is absent from there

• Ignorance – Person who isn’t academically or physically prepared to perform their job

• Nepotism – giving special favors/attention to someone who is related to you

• Simony – When somebody purchases a church position

• Selling of indulgences 

John Tetzel

• going to Saxony to sell indulgences - most of the 95 theses are related to what John Tetzel was selling 

Reformer

 want to break away from the church and start something new – three big ones , – Luther, Calvin, Zwingli

reformer

want to help and make the church better

Luther vs Eck 1520

Luther is forced to say that Jan Hus shouldn’t have been burned at the stake, and is accused of being a heretic and is no longer a monk.

Theology of Reform

Luther denies most sacraments

only real ones according to him are baptism and eucharist; says marriage is real, but not a sacrament

also says sola scriptura, every man is a priest, no selling indulgences, no monks

diet of augsburg (1530)

Charles V demanded that Lutheran princes confirmed their commitment to Catholicism.

religious divided spiraled from this

Schmalkadic League

alliance of lutheran princes

were against Charles V

Peace of Augsburg (1555)

Treaty that ended years of religious fighting

Allowed either Catholicism or Lutheran

Let princes choose either religion for their land

 Cuius Regio, Eius Religio

Charles V splits rule into two

Spanish Habsburgs (led by Phillip the 2nd, his son)

Austrian Habsburgs (led by Ferdinand, Phillips brother)

Ulrich Zwingli

Swiss protestant reformer who started a religious movement at the same time as Luther.

Marburg Colloqy

Effort by Luther and Zwingli to unite Swiss and German protestants

failed miserably and Zwingli died during the civil war in 1531

Anabaptists

Founded by Conrad Grebel, in Zurich in 1525

Their beliefs

• Adult baptism

• Physically separated from society to imitate the first Christians

•  Anabaptist extremists came to power in the German city of Münster in 1534, transforming the city into an Old Testament theocracy

• Lutheran and Catholic armies united to crush the radicals

John Calvin

In the second half of the 16th century, Calvinism replaced Lutheranism. John Calvin wrote the Institutes of Christian Religion. John Calvin preached Predestination.  

Michael Servetus

leader of the antitrinitarians - executed for denying the holy trinity an geneva 

War of the Roses

period of extreme chaos, white rose vs red rose, much bloodshed, many nobles dead. When Henry the 7th comes to power, he puts the two roses together, making it called the tudor rose

house of lancaster was red rose

house of york was white rose

both houses thought they were fit to rule England

Act of Supremacy (1534)

declared the king supreme in English spiritual affairs

Act of Succession (1534

made Anne’s children the only legitimate heirs to the English throne.

Henrican Reformation

Henry VIII breaks away from the church so he can divorce his wife (Catherine)

Edwardian Reformation

England becomes officialy protestant, thanks to protestant advisors ruling for young King Edward

Marian restoration

Undid Edwardian

attempted to restore Catholicism in England, and persecute protestants

Elizabethian settlement

created a middle ground church that blended both religions

laid foundation for Anglican church

catholic reformation

• Took a long time to respond because it was hoping it would all take care of itself

• Early Baroque Art – art of the catholic counter reformation

French wars of religion

Dynasties trying to take control

• Valois (Catholic) 

  • Henry III Catholic Valois king of france

• Bourbon (Calvinists)

  • Henry III king of Navarre

  • When he wins in 1589 he becomes Henry IV of France 

  • Now Bourbons are king of France

• Guise (Ultra Catholic) supported by Phillip II 

  • Henry of Guise

Lasts for 30 years 

St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (August 24th 1572)

• Organized attack by Catherine de’Medici and her weak willed son, King Charles IX

• Catholics massacred nearly 20,000 Huguenots across France

Henry III of Navarre

now Henry VI, converts to Catholicism so people of paris woujld support him

edict of nantes

• Created religious protection for French Huguenots (Calvinists)

• issuedx by henry VI

habsburg goals

• Maintain and increase access to the resources of the Americas and products of Asia

• Undermining the power of France

• Maintain the Catholic / Habsburg hegemony in HRE (Germany) by defending Catholicism against the Protestant Reformation

• Defending Europe against Islam (Ottoman Empire)

• To spread the faith to the unconverted souls of the new world. With conflict between Catholics and Protestants raging in Europe, the new world was an ideal place for the Church to evangelize

• Establish a western/central European Hegemony