apush unit 4

Thomas Jefferson

Wrote the Declaration of Independence, 3rd President, Louisiana Purchase

Louisiana Purchase

1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US…and gave US control of the Mississippi River

War Hawks

Those who were eager for war with Britain (War of 1812)

Henry Clay

United States politician responsible for the Missouri Compromise between free and slave states

John C. Calhoun

In 1828, he lead the fight against protective tariffs which hurt the south economically. Created the doctrine of nullification which said that a state could decide if a law was constitutional. This situation became known as the Nullification Crisis.

Tecumseh and the Prophet

A Shawnee chief and his half-brother that sought to unite several tribes in Ohio and the Indiana territory against American settlers. Their deaths ended the hope of an Indian confederacy.

Battle of Tippecanoe

Battle between Americans and Native Americans. Tecumseh and the Prophet attempted to oppress white settlement in the West (Indiana Territory) but defeated by William Henry Harrison. Served as a cause to the War of 1812.

John Marshall

Served as the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1801-1835) and helped establish the practice of judicial review in the Marbury V. Madison case.

Judicial Review

The power of the courts to declare laws unconstitutional. Came out of the Marbury V. Madison case.

Marbury v. Madison

This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review

Aaron Burr

Aaron Burr was one of the leading Democratic-Republicans of New York. He was the principal opponent of Alexander Hamilton's Federalist policies. In the election of 1800, Burr tied with Jefferson in the Electoral College. The House of Representatives awarded the Presidency to Jefferson and made Burr Vice- President. Eventually killed Hamilton in a duel.

Hartford Convention (1814)

Meeting of Federalists during the War of 1812 discuss strategy to gain more power in government; viewed as unpatriotic by many; as a result, the Federalist Party was no longer a significant force in American politics.

Napoleon Bonaparte

French general who became emperor of the French (1769-1821) following the French Revolution. Sold Louisiana to the US.

Impressment

British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service. Part of the buildup to War of 1812.

Embargo Act of 1807

This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.

James Madison

"Father of the Constitution," Federalist leader, and fourth President of the United States.

Nonintercourse Act (1809)

Opened trade with all nations except Britain and France. Got rid of Embargo Act of 1807.

War of 1812 (1812-1815)

Fought between Britain and the United States largely over the issues of trade and impressment. Though the war ended in a relative draw, it demonstrated America's willingness to defend its interests militarily, earning the young nation new found respect from European powers.

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). Also took part in occupying Florida for the US. prior to becoming President.

Battle of New Orleans, 1815

Last major battle of the War of 1812; making Andrew Jackson a national hero and propelling him later to the presidency.

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

Ended the War of 1812. Did not address grievances that led to the war (stalemate for both sides).

Lewis and Clark Expedition

An expedition led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark that began in 1804 to explore the Louisiana Purchase. Eventually reached Pacific Ocean in Oregon Territory.

Francis Scott Key

A Washington lawyer who watched the all-night battle at Fort McHenry and showed his pride by writing what became the national anthem.

Era of Good Feelings, 1815-24

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

Sectionalism

Different parts of the country developing unique and separate cultures (as the North, South and West). This can lead to conflict.

James Monroe

The fifth President of the United States (1817-1825). His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas.

Tariff of 1816

This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S.

Protective Tariff

A tax on imported goods that raises the price of imports so people will buy domestic goods.

The American System, 1815

A system proposed by Henry Clay where America functioned by the southern and western states sending crops and unfinished goods to the north and east and then they would send finished goods and food to the south and west. (Its like a giant circle where everyone gets what they need from other parts of America).

Second Bank of the United States

Chartered in 1816 under President Madison and became a depository for federal funds and a creditor for (loaning money to) state banks. It became unpopular after being blamed for the panic of 1819. Jackson fought against this institution throughout his presidency, proclaiming it to be an unconstitutional extension of the federal government and a tool that rich capitalists used to corrupt American society.

The Panic of 1819 was caused by

People couldn't pay the loans they got from the national bank. The bank was trying to collect loans when the economy was beginning to slide down.

National Road

The first highway built by the federal government. Constructed during 1825-1850, it stretched from Pennsylvania to Illinois. It was a major overland shipping route and an important connection between the North and the West.

Erie Canal (1825)

In short, it allowed goods to be transferred from New York to New Orleans by inland waterways. A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.

Steamboat

A boat that moves by the power of a steam engine, made it easier and quicker to travel goods. Used by boats on the Mississippi River allowing them to travel upstream.

Railroads

Were essential to westward expansion because they made it easier to travel to and live in the west.

Eli Whitney and the Cotton Gin

Eli Whitney was the inventor of the cotton gin and the first to use the system of interchangeable parts. Cotton gin cleaned cotton of its seed. It increased slavery in the south.

Corporations are

businesses that have many owners (stockholders) and are created according to certain laws.

Factory System

This new system gradually replaced localized cottage industry (small family farm). Workers were paid by the hour instead of for what they produce. On one hand it decreased the need for skilled labor, but in other ways it increased the amount of specialization due to labor being concentrated in factories.

Lowell Mills

Textile mills located in a factory town in Massachusetts; employed mostly women between the ages of 16 and 35 known as Lowell Mill Girls.

Historical Significance:

Workers actively participated in early labor reform by circulating legislative petitions, forming labor organizations, contributing essays and articles to a pro-labor newspaper, and participating in "turn-outs" or strikes.

Industrialization

The development of industries for the machine production of goods.

Specialization

The development of skills in a specific kind of work (job specialization).

Union

A worker association that bargains with employers over wages, benefits, and working conditions

Market Revolution & Impact on America

Economic changes where people buy and sell goods rather than make them themselves- led the nation to being more connected as they received goods from each other. Canals and ultimately railroads make this transfer of goods easier.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

No state can tax institutions created by Congress - Maryland attempted to tax 2nd Bank of the US.

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

The Treaty of 1818 with England

Called for a ten-year joint occupation of the Oregon country by both American citizens and British subjects.

Admas-Onis Treaty 1819

Spain ceded Florida to the US and gave up its claims to Oregon Territory.

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

Written by John Q. Adams, this doctrine stated that Europeans could not intervene in the Western Hemisphere in exchange, the U.S. would not interfere with existing European colonies and wars. If Europe intervened, the U.S. would interpret this as dangerous to U.S. national security and take appropriate action.

Urbanization

Movement of people from rural areas to cities.

King Cotton

Expression used by Southern authors and orators before Civil War to indicate economic dominance of Southern cotton industry, and that North needed South's cotton.

Nat Turner's Rebellion (1831)

Virginia slave revolt that resulted in the deaths of sixty whites and raised fears among white Southerners of further uprisings.

Historical Significance:

Led to new legislation making it unlawful to teach slaves, free blacks, or mulattoes to read or write.

Slave Codes/Black Codes

Laws meant to keep slaves in control by restricting their freedom, education, and ability to assemble.

Indian Removal Act of 1830

Passed by Congress under the Jackson administration, this act removed all Indians east of the Mississippi to an "Indian Territory" where they would be "permanently" housed.

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

Held that Native Americans were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty; ignored by the Jackson administration.

Trail of Tears (1838-1839)

Forced march of 15,000 Cherokee Indians from their Georgia and Alabama homes to Indian Territory. Some 4,000 Cherokee died on the arduous journey.

Panic of 1837

Many state banks collapsed. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.

Martin Van Buren

Advocated lower tariffs and free trade, and by doing so maintained support of the south for the Democratic party. 8th President of the US.

Universal White Male Suffrage

No religious or property-owning restrictions on voting. All white males could vote.

Tariff of Abominations (1828)

Also called Tariff of 1828. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights.

Nullification Crisis

A sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by the Ordinance of Nullification, an attempt by the state of South Carolina to nullify a federal law - the tariff of 1828 - passed by the United States Congress.

Whig Party

An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and large federal government (think Federalists).

Temperance Movement

An organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption.

Asylum Movement

In the 1820s and 1830s, this movement sought to improve the conditions for criminals and emotionally disturbed people. They proposed setting up state-supported prisons, mental hospitals, and poorhouses.

Dorthea Dix

Woman who pushed for changes in the treatment of the mentally ill and founded 32 mental hospitals.

Horace Mann

United States educator who introduced reforms that significantly altered the system of public education.

public school movement

Movement aimed at providing greater educational opportunities through the establishment of tax-supported public schools.

Abolitionist Movement

An international movement that between approximately 1780 and 1890 succeeded in condemning slavery as morally repugnant and abolishing it in much of the world; the movement was especially prominent in Britain and the United States.

Transcendentalism

A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions.

Hudson River School

American artistic movement that produced romantic renditions of local landscapes.

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.