Biology fourth q: DEMOCRITUS ONLY

Results of Double Fertilization

Forms diploid embryo and triploid endosperm.

Seed Dispersal Mechanism

Methods like wind, animal, gravity, water dispersal.

Hermaphroditism

Individuals with both male and female reproductive systems.

Sex Determination

Genetic determination of sex in mammals and birds.

Fertilization

Fusion of sperm and egg to form zygote.

External Fertilization

Occurs in aquatic environments with eggs and sperm released into water.

Internal Fertilization

Occurs inside female's body, common in terrestrial animals.

Castration

Removal of male testicles to prevent breeding.

Colostrum

First milk produced after birth.

Asexual Reproduction

Produces genetically identical offspring without male and female gametes mixing.

Grafting

Combines favorable stem and root characteristics in plant reproduction.

Cutting

Placing stem in soil to root and grow a new plant.

Layering

Burying stem to form a new plant.

Micropropagation

Propagating plants in a short time under lab conditions.

Fission

Cell division in prokaryotes forming genetically identical cells.

Budding

New organism grows from parent through mitosis.

Regeneration

Offspring grows from a piece of parent.

Vegetative Propagation

Uniform offspring grow from parent plant parts.

Advantages of Asexual Reproduction

Reproduce without mate, rapid offspring production.

Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction

No genetic variation, risk of species wipeout.

Sexual Reproduction

Requires genetic material from two parents.

Angiosperms

Flowering plants that protect seeds within fruit.

Male Reproductive Structure

Stamen with anther for pollen and filament for support.

Female Reproductive Structure

Pistil with stigma, style, and ovary for ovules.

Petals

Colorful structures attracting pollinators.

Sepals

Surround and protect flower bud.

Pollination

Transfer of pollen for fertilization.

Ovary

Develops into fruit containing ovules.

Pollination Vectors

Agents like wind, bees, birds transferring pollen.

Gestation

Pregnancy period in animals.

Estrus

Receptive period for female breeding.

Lactation

Period of milk secretion by mammary glands.

Parturition

Act of giving birth.

Breeding Systems

Pure breeding, cross breeding, inbreeding, linebreeding definitions.

Female Reproductive System

Ovary, uterine horn, uterus, cervix, vagina functions and structures.

Ovulation

Release of egg(s) for fertilization

Infundibulum

Structure pushing ovum into fallopian tube

Estrous Cycle

Time from one heat period to the next

Scrotum

External sac holding testicles at lower temperature

Testicles

Primary male organs for sperm and testosterone production

Epididymis

Coiled tube for sperm maturation and storage

Vas Deferens

Tube moving sperm from epididymis to urethra

Urethra

Passageway for urine and sperm out of the body

Penis

Male organ for copulation and urine excretion

Penis Retractor Muscle

Muscle enabling penis extension and retraction

Accessory Glands

Glands adding nutrients and aiding sperm transport

Seminal Vesicles

Glands adding fructose and citric acid to sperm

Prostate Gland

Gland cleaning urethra and aiding sperm transport

Cowper's Gland

Gland cleansing urethra before semen passage

Vulva

External genitalia opening for urinary and genital tracts

Bladder

Organ for urine storage

Erythropoietin

Hormone from kidneys stimulating RBC production

White Blood Cells

Cells defending against disease by recognizing foreign proteins

Platelets

Cell fragments aiding in blood clotting, derived from megakaryocytes

Thrombin

Chemical converting fibrinogen to fibrin for clotting

Arteries

Blood vessels carrying blood away from the heart

Veins

Blood vessels carrying blood to the heart, with valves

Capillaries

Thin-walled vessels allowing gas and nutrient exchange

Atherosclerosis

Plaque formation in arteries from LDL cholesterol

SA Node

Nervous tissue regulating heartbeats

Diastolic Pressure

Blood pressure between heartbeats

Virus

Non-living particle hijacking cells for reproduction

Bacteria

Living organisms with metabolism and DNA

First Line of Defense

Non-specific defenses like intact skin and phagocytes

Inflammation

Response signaled by mast cells releasing histamine

Fever

Defense mechanism aiding in destroying microbes

Antibodies

Proteins tagging and destroying invasive microbes

Helper T Cells

Cells releasing cytokines to stimulate immune response

B Cells

Cells producing antibodies or differentiating into memory cells

Killer T Cells

T-cells destroying antigens and microbes

Antibiotics

Chemicals killing bacteria, not viruses

Vaccines

Preparations creating immunity to diseases

Autoimmune Disorders

Immune system attacking body's own proteins

Cancer

Uncontrolled cell division

AIDS

Caused by HIV attacking T-helper cells

SCID

Genetic condition with defective immune system genes

Central Nervous System

Brain and spinal cord controlling body activities

Neurons

Microscopic nerve cells transmitting signals

Synapse

Gap between neurons for signal transmission

Cerebrum

Brain region for thought, senses, and movement

Ovaries

Known as female gonads

Ovaries produce the following

Estrogen & Progesterone

Oviduct

Where fertilization occurs

Internal Fertilization

Occurs in the oviduct of females

Vasectomy

Removal of a segment of the vas deferens to produce sterility in the male

Withdrawal

Has the highest risk of accidental pregnancy

Why can't we become immune to colds?

There are over 100 rhinoviruses

Emphysema

Disorder in the respiratory system where alveoli become dry and brittle.

3 Types of Blood Vessels

Artery, Capillary, Vein

Arteries

Carry blood away from the heart (oxygenated)

Capillary

Smallest blood vessel; brings nutrients and oxygen to the tissues and absorbs carbon dioxide and waste products

Veins

Carry blood to the heart (deoxygenated)

Amount of Chambers in the Heart

4

Platelets

Causes blood clotting

Tongue

Where taste buds are primarily located

Peristalsis

Involuntary waves of muscle contraction that keep food moving along in one direction through the digestive system.

Chyme

Partially digested, semiliquid food mixed with digestive enzymes and acids in the stomach. Food found in the stomach

Different Kinds of Taste

Sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami or savory

Bolus

Chewed food mixed with saliva

Gastric Juice

HCl and pepsin