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Operant conditioning
To increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated, it should be immediately followed by the addition of a positive stimulus (i.e., reward) or the removal of a negative one
Quality of Motivation
Why we do something
Psychological need Fulfillment
How it makes us feel
Autonomous or self-determined motivation
includes motivation that comes from internal sources and feeling a full sense of volition, freedom and choice. Individuals feel self-directed
Controlled or non-self-determined motivation
Is comprised of external regulation—where individuals behave due to external rewards or fear of punishment. Individuals feel controlled
Intrinsic motivation
Is a drive to behave in certain ways based on internal drives – for own sake or personal rewards. For example: core values, interests, enjoyment and personal sense of morality.
Extrinsic Motivation
Is a drive to behave in certain ways based on external sources – to earn a reward or avoid punishment. For example: grades or evaluations, awards and accolades, and the respect/admiration of others.
Extrinsically motivated behavior can be both autonomous and controlled
If people internalize values or importance placed on extrinsic sources of motivation, they can be extrinsically motivated but also autonomously motivated
External Regulation
Compliance due to External and Punishments (Externally Extrinsic motivation)
Introjected Regulation
Self control, ego involvement, internal rewards and punishments (Somewhat externally extrinsic motivation)
E.x. wanting to get a promotion to gain respect/admiration
Identified regulation
Personal importance, Conscious Valuing (Somewhat internal Extrinsic Motivation)
Valuing the behaviour
Integrated regulation
Congruence. Awareness. Synthesis with Self (Internal Extrinsic Motivation)
Amotivation
Non intentional, non valuing, Incompetence, lack of control
Not external source motiving a particular behaviour
E.x. idk why I do it I just do it
Lepper, Greene, & Nisbett (1973) [The Risk of Reward]
The Children who were told they were getting a reward spent les time playing with the markers
The Children who weren't told about an reward spent more time
Due to them being focused on the task at hand
Warneken & Tomasello, 2008 [The Risk of Reward]
Children were still willing to continue to help when given praise
Children who received a reward only half of the children continued to help
The motivation that underlie the goals we set impact our broader well-being
Intrinsic Goals
Examples: Physical Health, Self-Acceptance, Affiliation
Things that we set ourselves
Extrinsic Goals
Examples; Wealth, Fame, Beauty
Things we do due to external drives
Kasser & Ryan, 1996 (Life of Aspiration Study)
When people report more intrinsic goals they reported less depressive and physical symptoms
Less actualized and vitality/energy. As well as more depressive and physical symptoms
Ryan, Kasser, Sheldon & Deci, (1996) [What You Pursue and Why You Pursue It]
Across three studies both the quality of motivation (autonomous motivation) and the content of goals (intrinsic goals) uniquely shaped wellbeing
Both Quality and content matter
basic psychological needs (BPNs)
All humans have a basic set of needs that must be fulfilled for optimal psychological wellbeing, physical health, and innate growth tendencies to flourish
Autonomy (Basic Psychological Needs)
To act volitionally and in accordance with one’s own internal values and goals
*Not independence or individualism vs. collectivism
The feeling of having control and making ones own choice
Competence (Basic Psychological Needs)
Sense of efficacy and competence in one’s context. Not just about having the skills, but opportunities to improve.
Opportunity to challenge oneself and improve
Relatedness (Basic Psychological Needs)
Feeling cared for, connected to, and experiencing a sense of belonging with others.
Enhanced by giving to them and matter in other peoples life
Its a two way street feeling good by others and making others feel good
When psychological needs are met…
Healthy development
Psychological well-being
Effective performance
When psychological needs are thwarted...
Unhealthy development
Lower wellbeing
Chirkov, Ryan, Kim, & Kaplan (2003) [Basic Psychological Need)
Within-Country Correlations of Basic Need Satisfaction with Subjective Well-Being
This suggests that these basic needs are universally important
Intrinsic or more autonomous motivation likely
The more people perceive tasks as fulfilling psychological needs, the more the task is perceived as enjoyable
Extrinsic motivation or amotivation likely
The more people perceive tasks as thwarting their psychological needs, the more the task is perceived as unenjoyable
Milyavskaya & Koestner, 2011 (Basic Psychological needs)
When people experience greater need satisfaction, they felt more autonomous motivation
Kanat-Matmon et al., 2015 (Basic Psychological needs)
When people feel their needs are interfered they are more likely to cheat
When peoples feel their neets are met they are less likely to cheat
What Does “basic” Psychological needs mean?
That the needs are innate
Extrinsically motivated Behaviour can be both…
Autonomous and Controlled
What is Undifferentiated motivation?
An Inferior predictor of important outcomes
Autonomous Motivation
Motivated by feeling a sense of volition
Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivations can be best described as:
Existing on a Continuum
Self Determination Theory was developed by:
Deci & Ryan
Accordingly to SDT, academic fraud occurs when…
People feel their psychological needs are undermined
Which type of reward led to kids spending the greatest amount of their free time playing with markers
Unexpected Reward
The best way to enhance Intrinsic motivation is to
Fulfill psychological needs
Note 
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