AP World Unit 4 Review

What were the main technological innovations that improved navigation during the 1450–1750 period?

The astrolabe and compass.

What is the Caravel?

A fast, maneuverable ship developed by the Portuguese.

What were the MEANS and MOTIVES for European exploration during the Age of Exploration?

God (spread Christianity), Gold (acquire wealth), Glory (gain fame and power).

How did Columbus's voyages represent state-sponsored transoceanic maritime exploration?

Spain funded Columbus to find a direct route to Asia; instead, he found the Americas.

What is the Columbian Exchange?

The widespread exchange of animals, plants, diseases, and people between the Old and New Worlds after 1492.

What were the effects of the Columbian Exchange?

Biological and cultural transformation of both hemispheres, population growth in the Old World and collapse in the New World due to disease.

What defines a trading post empire?

Maritime empires based on sea power and colonization with key trading posts facilitating commerce and resource extraction.

What was Tokugawa Japan's trade policy?

A policy of sakoku (closed country) restricting foreign influence and allowing limited Dutch and Chinese trade at Nagasaki.

What were the key maritime empires during this period?

Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, French, British, Asante and Kongo.

How did Europeans transform existing trade routes in the Indian Ocean?

They dominated trade routes using force and strategic ports to collect taxes.

What was the modified mit'a system used by the Spanish in Peru?

A forced labor draft for silver mining, exploiting indigenous labor.

What is chattel slavery?

A form of slavery where people are treated as property, commonly used in plantation economies.

What is indentured servitude?

A labor system where individuals worked for a set period in exchange for passage to the colonies.

What was the encomienda system?

A Spanish system where colonists were granted land and the right to forced Native labor.

What is the hacienda system?

A plantation-based system where natives worked in debt peonage under landowners.

What was the impact of the plantation economy on demand for slaves?

Increased demand for slaves in the Americas.

What demographic change occurred in Africa due to the slave trade?

Population imbalance as millions of young African men were taken.

What demographic change occurred in the Americas due to the slave trade?

Population increased due to the importation of enslaved Africans and new crops.

What cultural change emerged in the Americas as a result of the Columbian Exchange?

Emergence of syncretic religions and cultures (e.g., Voodoo, Santería).

What social change developed in the Americas after colonization?

Racial hierarchies developed (casta system), with Europeans at the top.

What is mercantilism?

An economic theory emphasizing that a nation's strength depends on its wealth through export-heavy trade.

How did mercantilist policies affect the establishment of overseas empires?

Rulers sought colonies to control resources and markets to enrich the mother country.

How did joint-stock companies facilitate exploration?

By pooling investors’ money to fund voyages, spreading the risk and reward.

What commodities were exchanged in the Atlantic system?

Goods, people, and labor, including enslaved Africans.

What did Europe export to Africa?

Manufactured goods, guns, and textiles.

What did Africa export to the Americas?

Enslaved Africans.

What did the Americas export to Europe?

Raw materials like sugar, tobacco, silver, and cotton.

What were the broader effects of the triangular trade?

Massive demographic, economic, and social changes, particularly population decline in Africa and rise of plantation economies in the Americas.

What is a chartered company?

An organization that has been granted rights to trade by a government, e.g., British East India Company.

What term indicates that a company has exclusive trading rights?

Monopoly.

What were some examples of intensified labor in different regions?

Cotton textile production in India, silk production in China, wool and linen production in Western Europe.

What was one example of local resistance against colonial powers?

The Pueblo Revolt (1680) against Spanish oppression in New Mexico.

What was the Stono Rebellion?

A revolt by enslaved Africans in South Carolina against brutal plantation conditions in 1739.

Who were the Russian boyars?

Landowning nobles in Russia who held significant power before their influence was reduced under Peter the Great.

How were Jews treated differently in the Iberian Peninsula compared to the Ottoman Empire?

In Iberia, Jews faced persecution and expulsion; in the Ottoman Empire, they were tolerated.

What practice did Akbar of the Mughals use to accommodate religious diversity?

Promoted religious tolerance and abolished the jizya tax.

Who formed the elite ethnic group in Qing China?

The Manchus.

What is the casta system?

A social hierarchy in the Spanish colonies based on race and ancestry.

Who are the Creoles?

People of European descent born in the Americas, ranked below peninsulares.