AP World Unit 4 Review

4.1 Technological Innovations from 1450–1750

What is the importance of ships and the Indian Ocean Trade – Cross-cultural exchanges led to the adoption of new technologies like the astrolabe and compass, which improved navigation and enabled long-distance maritime exploration.

What is this technological development, the Caravel? - (a fast, maneuverable ship developed by the Portuguese)

Explain how European use was influenced by cross-cultural interactions with the Classical, and/or Islamic and/or Asian Worlds. – Europeans adopted and improved on sailing technologies (lateen sails from Arabs, compass from China) to explore and dominate sea routes.

4.2 Explorations: Causes and Events from 1450–1750

Explain the MEANS and MOTIVES for European exploration. (3 Gs) – God (spread Christianity), Gold (acquire wealth), Glory (gain fame and power); enabled by new ships, navigational tools, and maps.

Explain how Columbus’s voyages could be an example of state-sponsored transoceanic maritime exploration in this era – Spain funded Columbus to find a direct route to Asia; instead he found the Americas, initiating European colonization.

Effects of the development of maritime technology and navigational skills - led to increased travel to and trade with Africa and Asia and resulted in the construction of a global trading-post empire.

Spanish Atlantic crossings were undertaken under – royal, religious, and economic sponsorship, often with the goal of finding alternative sailing routes to Asia.

4.3 Columbian Exchange

What is the Columbian Exchange? – The widespread exchange of animals, plants, diseases, and people between the Old and New Worlds after 1492.

What were the effects of the Columbian Exchange? – It shows the biological and cultural transformation of both hemispheres, including population growth in the Old World and population collapse in the New World due to disease.

4.4 Maritime Empires Were Established

What is a trading post empire? – Maritime empires based on sea power and colonization across oceans. These empires often established key trading posts that facilitated commerce and resource extraction, significantly enhancing global trade networks.

Pick either Ming China or Tokugawa Japan and describe its restrictive or isolationist trade policies – Tokugawa Japan adopted a policy of sakoku (closed country) and restricted foreign influence, allowing limited Dutch and Chinese trade at Nagasaki.

Identify the maritime empires of the Portuguese, the Spanish, the Dutch, the French and the British, as well as the expanded Asante and Kongo states – Portuguese (Africa, Brazil, Indian Ocean), Spanish (Americas, Philippines), Dutch (Indonesia, South Africa), French (Canada, Caribbean), British (North America, India), Asante and Kongo (West Africa)

How did Europeans impact existing trade routes in the Indian Ocean in this era? – They inserted themselves into trade networks using force and strategic ports to dominate trade routes and collect taxes (cartaz system).

How did colonial economies use the preexisting mit’a system? – Spanish modified it into a forced labor draft for silver mining in Peru, exploiting indigenous labor.

What is chattel slavery and how did colonial economies rely on it? – A form of slavery where people are treated as property; it was used especially in plantation economies in the Americas.

What is indentured servitude? – A labor system where individuals worked for a set period in exchange for passage to the colonies.

What is the encomienda system? – Spanish system where colonists were granted land and the right to forced Native labor.

What is the hacienda system? – A plantation-based system where natives worked in debt peonage under landowners.

This map shows that slavery in Africa – continued in its traditional forms, including incorporation of slaves into households and the export of slaves to the Mediterranean and the Middle East regions.

Effect of the growth of the plantation economy – increased demand for slaves in the Americas.

Describe one demographic change that resulted in Africa – Population imbalance as millions of young African men were taken in the slave trade.

Describe one demographic change that resulted in the Americas – Population increased due to the importation of enslaved Africans and new crops from Europe and Africa.

Describe one cultural change in the Americas – Emergence of syncretic religions and cultures (e.g., Voodoo, Santería).

Describe one social change in the Americas – Racial hierarchies developed (casta system), with Europeans at the top and Africans/Natives at the bottom.

4.5 Maritime Empires Maintained and Developed

Define mercantilism – Economic theory that a nation’s strength depends on its wealth; emphasized export-heavy trade and accumulation of gold/silver.

Explain how mercantilist policies lead rulers to claim overseas empires – Rulers sought colonies to control resources and markets to enrich the mother country.

Explain how mercantilist policies were used by Europeans to control their economies – Enforced trade monopolies and restricted colonial trade to benefit the mother country.

Explain how joint-stock companies made it easier for rulers and merchants to finance exploration – They pooled investors’ money to fund voyages, spreading the risk and reward.

Joint-stock companies were used by rulers to – compete against one another in global trade.

The Atlantic system involved the movement of – goods, people, and labor, including enslaved Africans.

What went from Europe to Africa? – Manufactured goods, guns, textiles

From Africa to the Americas? – Enslaved Africans

From the Americas to Europe? – Raw materials like sugar, tobacco, silver, and cotton

From Europe to the Americas? – Colonists, animals, disease, and manufactured goods

What are the effects of the triangular trade? – Massive demographic, economic, and social changes, especially population decline in Africa and rise of plantation economies in the Americas.

What is an example of a chartered company? – British East India Company

What term shows they have “exclusive rights?” – Monopoly

List the illustrative examples of intensified peasant and artisan labor and the places associated with them – Cotton textile production in India, silk production in China, wool and linen production in Western Europe

Describe a specific piece of evidence that could be used to support anything from this passage. – The blending of African, Native American, and European cultures in the Caribbean illustrates cultural syncretism due to the Atlantic system.

4.6 Internal and External Challenges to State Power from 1450–1750

Describe any one of the illustrative examples of local resistance – The Pueblo Revolt (1680): Native Americans in New Mexico rebelled against Spanish religious and cultural oppression.

Describe either of the 2 examples of slave resistance – The Stono Rebellion (1739): Enslaved Africans in South Carolina revolted against brutal plantation conditions, attempting to escape to Spanish Florida.

4.7 Changing Social Hierarchies from 1450 to 1750

Describe one of the existing elites identified in the illustrative examples – The Russian boyars were landowning nobles who held significant power before Peter the Great reduced their influence.

Contrast the treatment of Jews on the Iberian Peninsula with their treatment in the Ottoman Empire – In Iberia, Jews faced persecution and expulsion (1492); in the Ottoman Empire, they were tolerated and allowed to live in separate communities.

Describe one practice used by either the Mughals or the Ottomans to accommodate religious diversity – The Mughal emperor Akbar promoted religious tolerance by abolishing the jizya tax and holding interfaith debates.

What was the ethnic group that formed the elite in Qing China? – The Manchus

Pick the 2 terms in the illustration to the right that you are least sure of the definition of and define them
a) Casta system – A social hierarchy in the Spanish colonies based on race and ancestry
b) Creoles – People of European descent born in the Americas; ranked below peninsulares in the colonial hierarchy