Unit 3 Gov

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92 Terms

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Attitudinal views of representation
The view that legislators' voting behavior is largely determined by their personal beliefs and values.
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Bicameral legislature
A legislative body that has two chambers or houses, typically a lower house and an upper house.
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Casework
The assistance provided by members of Congress to their constituents in dealing with bureaucratic challenges or issues.
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Caucus (Congressional)
A group of members of Congress that meet to discuss and promote a specific agenda or set of issues.
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Closed Rule
A procedural rule in the House of Representatives that prohibits amendments to a bill on the floor.
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Cloture Rule
A rule that allows the Senate to end a filibuster and bring a bill to a vote, requiring a supermajority.
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Committee of the Whole
A parliamentary mechanism in the House of Representatives that allows all members to participate in debate on a bill.
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Concurrent resolution
A resolution passed by both houses of Congress that does not require the signature of the president.
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Conference Committee
A temporary committee formed to reconcile differences between the House and Senate versions of a bill.
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Ideological coalitions
Groups formed in Congress based on shared beliefs or values, crossing party lines.
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Descriptive vs. substantive representation
Descriptive representation involves representing constituents by characteristics like race or gender, while substantive representation focuses on advocating for constituents' interests.
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Discharge petition
A procedure to bring a bill out of committee and to the floor for a vote without a committee's approval.
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Distributive theory vs. Informational theory
Distributive theory posits that Congress distributes benefits to various constituencies, while informational theory suggests that committees specialize in providing detailed information on issues.
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Division vote
A voting method in which members indicate their votes by physically dividing into groups.
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Double-tracking
A procedure used to keep the Senate in session during a filibuster by allowing other business to proceed.
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Electoral Connection
The relationship between members of Congress and their constituents, emphasizing the need for reelection.
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Filibuster
A tactic used in the Senate to delay or block a vote on a bill by extending debate.
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Franking privilege
The ability of members of Congress to send mail to their constituents free of charge.
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Gridlock
A situation in which there is difficulty in passing laws due to a lack of agreement.
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Incumbency advantage
The electoral edge afforded to those already in office due to greater visibility and established relationships.
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Joint committee
A committee that includes members from both the House and the Senate.
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Joint resolution
A formal statement or decision passed by both houses of Congress requiring presidential approval.
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Logrolling
The practice of exchanging favors, especially in politics, by reciprocal voting for each other's proposed legislation.
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Majority leader
The head of the majority party in a legislative body, responsible for scheduling legislation.
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Marginal districts
Electoral districts where candidates often win by narrow margins.
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Minority leader
The head of the minority party in a legislative body, opposing the majority leader's agenda.
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Modified rules
Procedures that allow for amendments in a limited fashion during floor debates.
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Multiple referrals
The practice of sending a bill to multiple committees for consideration.
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Omnibus legislation/Christmas Tree Bill
A large bill that contains many different provisions, often controversial to get wider support.
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Open rule
A procedural rule that allows for amendments to be made to a bill on the floor.
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Party polarization
The increasing ideological distance between political parties, leading to less bipartisan cooperation.
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Politico: delegate/trustee
A legislator who acts primarily as a delegate (representing constituents' views) or as a trustee (using their own judgment).
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Pork-barrel legislation/earmarks
Legislation that allocates government spending for local projects, often used to gain political favor.
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President pro tempore
A constitutional officer of the Senate, typically the most senior member of the majority party.
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Private bill
A legislative bill that affects only a specific individual or group.
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Public bill
A legislative bill that affects the public at large.
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Quorum/Quorum Call
The minimum number of members required to be present in a legislative body to conduct business.
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Restrictive Rule
A procedural rule that limits the types of amendments that can be offered to a bill.
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Roll-call vote
A voting method where each member's vote is recorded.
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Safe districts
Electoral districts where incumbents typically win by a large margin.
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Select committees
Committees formed for a specific purpose and usually for a limited duration.
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Seniority
A system that frequently gives priority to longer-serving members in congressional committee assignments.
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Sequential referral
The practice of sending a bill to multiple committees one after another.
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Simple resolution
A resolution passed by only one house of Congress, affecting only that chamber.
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Speaker of the House
The elected leader of the House of Representatives, responsible for legislative functions.
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Standing committees
Permanent committees in Congress responsible for specific areas of legislation.
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Teller vote
A voting method where members pass between two tellers who record their votes.
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Voice vote
A voting method where members verbally express their approval or disapproval.
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Whip
A party official whose role is to ensure party discipline and mobilize votes.
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Iron Triangles
The stable relationship between a government agency, a congressional committee, and interest groups.
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Redistricting/apportionment
The process of redrawing electoral district boundaries and distributing seats in legislative bodies based on population changes.
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Gerrymandering
The manipulation of electoral district boundaries to advantage a particular political party.
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Malapportionment
A situation in which districts are of unequal population size leading to unequal representation.
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Legislative process
The series of steps by which a proposed law becomes an enacted law.
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Interstate Commerce Clause
A provision in the Constitution that gives Congress the power to regulate trade between states.
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Leadership structure
The hierarchy and organization within a legislative body.
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Rider
An amendment added to a bill that is unrelated to the bill's main purpose.
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Sophomore Surge
The electoral advantage that candidates experience when running for reelection after their first term.
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Interest Groups
Organizations formed to influence public policy and advance specific interests.
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Federalist No. 10
An essay by James Madison arguing against the dangers of factions in a republic.
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501(c)(3) and 501(c)(4)
Types of tax-exempt nonprofit organizations under the Internal Revenue Code that engage in charitable activities and social welfare, respectively.
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527 organization
A type of tax-exempt organization primarily focused on political activities.
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Super PACs
Independent political committees that can raise unlimited sums of money to support or oppose political candidates.
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Non-Profit/Tax Exempt
Organizations not required to pay taxes and that operate for purposes other than making a profit.
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Lobby/Lobbying
The act of attempting to influence government officials on behalf of a particular interest.
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Grassroots lobbying
Efforts to influence government by mobilizing the general public to contact legislators.
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Astroturf lobbying
The practice of creating a false impression of widespread public support for a cause.
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Regulations
Rules established by administrative agencies that implement laws passed by Congress.
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Salience
The level of importance or relevance a particular issue has to individuals or groups.
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Interest groups and policy
The relationship between interest groups and the development of public policies.
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Business/Labor/Professional
Categories of interest groups that represent the interests of businesses, labor unions, and professional associations.
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Environmental
Interest groups focused on promoting conservation and environmental protection.
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Public Interest
Interest groups that focus on issues that benefit the general public.
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Institutional Interests
Interest groups that represent organizations and institutions.
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Membership Interests
Interest groups that represent the interests of their members.
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Solidary Incentive
Motivation for individuals to join an interest group based on social interactions.
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Material Incentive
Material benefits provided to members of interest groups to encourage participation.
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Purposive Incentive
The motivation to join an interest group based on shared values or goals.
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Ideological Interest groups
Interest groups that promote a specific set of coherent beliefs and values.
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Free riding
The problem of individuals benefiting from resources, goods, or services without paying for them.
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Liberal and Conservative Interest Groups
Interest groups that represent liberal or conservative ideologies.
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Feminist Movement
A social and political movement aimed at establishing equal rights for women.
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Foundation Grants
Funds distributed by institutions to support specific projects or initiatives.
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Federal grants
Monetary awards provided by the federal government to support a variety of activities.
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Direct Mail
A marketing technique used to send promotional materials directly to individuals.
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Franking
The privilege of sending mail without postage, often used by legislators.
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Bias
A predisposition or inclination towards one side of an argument or decision.
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Political Cues
Signals provided by individuals or organizations about the implications of a decision.
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Money
A crucial factor in political campaigns, influencing the ability to mobilize support.
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PACs
Political Action Committees that collect and distribute funds for political candidates.
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Revolving Door
The movement of individuals between positions in government and the private sector.
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Conflict of Interest
A situation where an individual may have competing interests or loyalties.