A&P II: Chapter 17

transport, regulation, and protection

Three main functions of blood

blood

O2, nutrients, waste, and hormones are transported by ___

blood

Body temperature, pH, and fluid volume are regulated by ___

blood

Prevents blood loss and infection

Color ranges, slightly alkaline, denser than water, and 8% of body mass

Physical characteristics of blood

Plasma (55%), buffy coat (<1%), erythrocytes (45%)

Composition of blood

Albumin (60%), Globulins (36%), and Fibrinogen (8%)

Plasma proteins most abundant by mass

Albumin

Plasma protein that shuttles molecules through circulation

Alpha/beta globulins

Plasma protein that transport proteins that bind to lipids, metal ions, and fatsoluble vitamins

Gamma globulins

Plasma protein that are the antibodies that circulate throughout the body

Fibrogen

Plasma protein that forms the fibrin threads of blood clots

Erythrocytes

Blood cells that bind to and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide (CO2)

Leukocytes

Blood cells involved in the immune response

Platelets

Blood cells that are involved in blood clotting

Erythrocytes

Blood cell that is anucleate and a biconcave disc; Hemoglobin, Antioxidant enzymes, and spectrin

small size/shape, don’t consume oxygen they carry, dry mass >97% hemoglobin

Three characteristics that contribute to erythrocytes ability to transport gases

250 million

An erythrocyte has ___ million hemoglobin molecules

heme groups

A hemoglobin has four ___ groups

four

A heme group can bind to ___ oxygen molecules

Oxyhemoglobin

Partially oxidized by oxygen and changes shape; turns ruby red

Deoxyhemoglobin

Oxygen detaches and hemoglobin resumes former shape; turns dark red

Carbaminohemoglobin

CO2 binds to amino acids instead of the heme group; Binds more readily when hemoglobin is in a reduced state

hematopoiesis

Process of producing new blood cells in the body, primarily the bone marrow

hemocytoblasts

All blood cells in the body arise from these hematopoietic stem cells

erythropoiesis

the process by which erythrocytes are produced in the bone marrow

erythropoietin (EPO)

stimulates formation of erythrocytes

testosterone

enhances kidneys production of erythropoietin (EPO)

100 to 120 days

The life span of an erythrocyte lasts between ___ to ___ days

spleen

Organ known as the red blood cell graveyard

Anemia

A condition in which the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity is too low to support normal metabolism

Hemorrhagic anemia

A form of anemia which is caused by blood loss

Iron-deficiency anemia

A form of anemia which is caused by hemorrhagic anemia, but also results from inadequate intake of iron-containing foods or impaired iron absorption

Pernicious anemia

A form of anemia which caused by an autoimmune disease that most often affects older adults

Renal anemia

A form of anemia which is caused by the lack of EPO, the hormone that controls red blood cell production

Aplastic anemia

A form of anemia which is caused by the destruction or inhibition of the red marrow by certain drugs, chemicals, ionizing radiation, or viruses

Hemolytic anemia

A form of anemia which is caused when erythrocytes rupture, or lyse, prematurely

Sickle-cell anemia

A form of anemia which is caused by an abnormal shape in the hemoglobin

Thalassemias

An erythrocyte disorder typically occuring in people of mediterranean ancestry where one of the globin chains is absent or faulty and the erythrocytes are thin, delicate, and deficient in hemoglobin

Polycythemia

An erythrocyte disorder where an abnormal excess of erythrocytes increase blood viscosity, causing it to flow sluggishly

Leukocytes

Only formed blood cells that count as complete cells

Diapedesis

Leukocytes can slip out of the capillary blood cessels which is known as ___

Amoeboid motion

Leukocytes move through tissues via ___ motion

positive chemotaxis

Leukocytes move to pinpoint area of tissue damage and infection by ___ ___

Leukocytosis

An increase in the number of leukocytes in the blood, especially during an infection

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

Two major categories of leukocytes

Granulocytes

Leukocytes that are larger and shorter lived than erythrocytes; Has a lobed nuclei and contains membrane-bound cytoplasmic granules

Agranulocytes

Leukocytes that lack granules

Neutrophils → lymphocytes → monocytes → eosinophils → basophils

Most abundant to least abundant granulocytes (Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas)

Neutrophils

A granulocyte that is 50-70% of leukocyte population; Twice as large as erythrocytes; Multi-lobed nucleus (6-8)

Eosinophils

A granulocyte that is 2-4% of leukocyte population; Defense against parasites, allergies and asthma; Two nuclei lobes connected by a broad band

Basophils

A granulocyte that is 0.5-1% of the leukocyte population; Nucleus generally U or S shaped with one or two constrictions

Lymphocytes

A agranulocyte that is +25% of the leukocyte population; Large spherical nucleus that occupies most of the cell

Monocytes

A agranulocyte that is 3-8% of the leukocyte population; Nucleus is U or kidney-shaped

Leukopoiesis

the process of forming leukocytes from pluripotent stem cells in the bone marrow

Leukemia

A type of leukocyte disorder that causes the production of abnormal leukocytes, which can accumulate in the bloodstream and interfere with the normal function of other blood cells

Leukopenia

A type of leukocyte disorder that is commonly induced by drugs which causes an abnormally low white blood cell count

Acute leukemia

A form of leukemia that is quickly advancing because it derives from stem cells

Chronic leukemia

A form of leukemia that is slowly advancing because it involves proliferation of later cell stages

Myeloid leukemia

A form of leukemia that involves myeloblast descendants

Lymphocytic leukemia

A form of leukemia that involves lymphocytes

Infectious mononucleosis

Aka “kissing disease”, a highly contagious viral disease most often seen in young adults caused by the epstein-barr virus; Causes an excessive number of lymphocytes

Platelets

A cell fragment that is derived from megakaryocytes; Degenerates within 10 days if not involved in clotting

Thrombopoietin

A protein hormone that plays a crucial role in the regulation of platelet production

vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and blood coagulation

Three steps of hemostasis which prevents blood loss

Prothrombin (p2) → thrombin (p2)

Intrinsic and extrinsic pathways both lead to the prothrombin activator during phase 1 at which point it moves to phase 2

fibrinogen (p3) → fibrin (p3)

Intrinsic and extrinsic pathways both lead to the prothrombin activator during phase 1 at which point it moves to phase 2 and then phase 3

tissue factor (TF)

Required in the activation of the extrinsic pathway during phase 1

calcium (Ca2+)

Element required in many steps in both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways

Clot retraction

Platelet-induced when the platelets contain actin and myosin at which point put contract to pull surrounding fibrin strands to stabilize the clot

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)

Released by platelets which stimulate smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts to divide to rebuild vessel wall

Fibrinolysis

A process that removes unneeded clots when healing has occured using plasmin, a fibrin-digesting enzyme, and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)

Antithrombin III

An inhibiting factor that inactivates any thrombin not bound to fibrin

Protein C

An inhibiting factor that inhibits activity of other intrinsic pathway clotting factors

Heparin

A inhibiting factor contained in basophil and mast cell granules, surface of endothelial cells; Inhibits thrombin and intrinsic pathway

Thrombocytopenia

A clotting disorder characterized by a low number of circulating platelets

Disseminated intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

A disorder that involves both widespread clotting and severe bleeding

Hemophilia

An inherited bleeding disorder that occures when the blood does not clot properly

plasma

The fluid portion of blood is called ___

buffy coat

The ___ ___ portion of blood is made up of white blood cells and platelets

hematocrit

The red blood cell portion of blood is called ___

vascular anastomoses

___ ___ is used to connect two blood vessels together

vascular anastomoses

___ ___ is useful when the body sustains damage because you can use it to reroute blood flow around the damaged area

Venous system

Most of the blood volume in a human body is contained within this system