Physics Notes

First Law of Motion

An object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion continues moving with constant velocity unless acted upon by a net external force.

Second Law of Motion

The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass.

First Law of Motion

An object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion continues moving with constant velocity unless acted upon by a net external force.

Second Law of Motion

The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass.

Third Law of Motion

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Frame of Reference

A system for specifying the precise location of objects in space and time.

Inertial Frame

A non-accelerating frame where Newton's laws hold.

Non-inertial Frame

An accelerating frame where fictitious forces may need to be considered.

Relative Motion

The motion of an object can appear different depending on the observer's frame of reference.

Law of Universal Gravitation

Every particle attracts every other particle with a force that is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers.

Acceleration

The rate of change of velocity.

Displacement

The vector quantity representing the change in position.

Linear Motion

Motion along a straight path.

Rotational Motion

Motion around an axis.

Position-Time Graph

Shows the position of an object relative to time.

Velocity-Time Graph

Represents how an object's velocity changes over time.

Acceleration-Time Graph

Shows how acceleration varies over time.

Resultant Vector

The vector obtained by combining all the component vectors using the Pythagorean theorem and trigonometric functions.

Projectile Motion

A type of motion experienced by an object thrown near the earth's surface, moving along a curved trajectory under the action of gravity.

Alpha Decay

Emission of an alpha particle (2 protons, 2 neutrons) from an unstable nucleus.

Beta Decay

A neutron in the nucleus transforms into a proton, emitting a beta particle.

Gamma Decay

Emission of gamma rays from an excited nucleus.

Half-Life

The time required for half of a sample of a radioactive substance to decay.

Force Formula

F = ma, where F is force, m is mass, and a is acceleration.

Gravitational Force Formula

F = G (m₁m₂) / r², where F is gravitational force, G is the gravitational constant, m₁ and m₂ are the masses, and r is the distance between their centers.

Equations of Motion

Horizontal Range: R = (v₀² * sin(2θ)) / g; Maximum Height: H = (v₀² * (sin²θ)) / (2g).

Quadratic Formula

For ax² + bx + c = 0, x = (-b ± √(b² - 4ac)) / (2a).