Psychology Unit 1

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93 Terms

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Plato Everyone has their own perception of the world and we're all born with all the knowledge but unlock it as we go

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Aristotle we learn as we go

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Renee Descartes dualism - the body and mind are two separate entities

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John Locke Tabula Rasa - We're born with a blank slate Empiricism - Observation and experimentation enables scientific knowledge

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Willhelm Wundt First person to study psychology in a lab

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G. Stanly Hall started the first psychology lab in the US at John's Hopkins and was the first president of the APA

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Edward Titchner founder of structuralism

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Structuralism the analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind

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Introspection A method of self-observation in which participants report their thoughts and feelings

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William James founder of functionalism; studied how humans use perception to function in our environment

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Functionalism a school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.

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Mary Whiton Calkins First female president of the APA

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Margaret Floyd Washburn Was the first female PhD in psychology

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psychoanalytics/psychodynamics psychological perspective concerned with how unconscious instincts, conflicts, motives, and defenses influence behavior

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Behaviorism the science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only

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Humanistic Psychology historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth

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Cognitive Neuroscience A field that attempts to understand the links between cognitive processes and brain activity.

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Ivan Pavlov studied classical conditioning

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Jean Piaget studied cognitive development

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Charles Darwin studied evolutionary psychology

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Positive Psychology the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

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Behavioral Perspective Investigates how learned and observable behaviors impact behavior

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Biological Perspective Investigates how genetics impact behavior

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Cognitive Perspective Investigates how our thought processes impact behavior

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Evolutionary Perspective Investigates how natural selection impacts the psychological traits we have now

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Humanistic Perspective Investigates how the drive for self improvement impacts behavior

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Psychodynamic Perspective Investigates how subconscious drives and conflicts impact behavior

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Socio-cultural Perspective Investigates how peoples' overall environment impacts behavior

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Testing Effect Enhanced performance on a memory test caused by being tested on the material to be remembered.

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SQ3R a study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review

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psychaitrist a physician who can diagnose and treat mental disorders

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Human Factors Psychologist focus on the interaction of people, machines, and physical environments

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Developmental Psychologist a psychologist who studies the emotional, cognitive, biological, personal, and social changes that occur as an individual matures

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Cognitive Psychologist study how we perceive, think, and solve problems

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Educational Psychologist studies the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning

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Experimental Psychologist conducts experimental research studies

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Psychometric Psychologist quantitatively studies the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits

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Social Psychologist Studies how the individual's behavior and mental processes are affected by interactions with other people

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Forensic Psychologist applies psychological concepts to legal issues

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Environmental Psychologist studies relationships between people and their physical environment

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Health Psychologist studies the interaction between physical and psychological health factors

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industrial/organizational psychologist applies psychological principles to the workplace to improve productivity and the quality of work life

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Neuropsychologist studies how brain dysfunction affects cognition, emotion, and behavior

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Rehabilitation Psychologist works with people who have lost optimal functioning after an accident, illness, or other event

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School Psychologist works with parents, teachers, students to solve problems

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Clinical Psychologist diagnoses and treats people with emotional disturbances

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Community Psychologist work to create social and physical environments that are healthy for all

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Counseling Psychologist treats people with adjustment problems

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Personality Psychologist studies how people differ from one another

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Hindsight Bias the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it

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Overconfidence the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.

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Theory A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data

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Hypothesis A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

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Operational Definitions a statement of the procedures used to define research variables

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Case Study an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

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Naturalistic Observation observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

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Surveys Questionnaires and interviews that ask people directly about their experiences, attitudes, or opinions.

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Wording Effect the effect that question phrasing and order have on how people answer surveys

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Sampling Bias A problem that occurs when a sample is not representative of the population from which it is drawn.

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Population all those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn

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Random Sample a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

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Positive Correlation A correlation where as one variable increases, the other also increases, or as one decreases so does the other. Both variables move in the same direction.

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Negative Correlation the relationship between two variables in which one variable increases as the other variable decreases

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No Relationship as one variable increases the other stays the same

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illusory correlation the perception of a relationship where none exists

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Regression Toward the Mean the tendency for extreme or unusual scores to fall back toward their average.

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Experimental Method A method of investigation used to demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships by purposely manipulating one factor thought to produce change in another factor.

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Experimental Group In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.

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Control Group In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.

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Randomly Assign assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between the different groups

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Single-blind procedure research design in which participants don't know whether they are in the experimental or control group

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double-blind procedure an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo

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Placebo Effect the phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behavior

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Independent Variable The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

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dependent variable The measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the research is interested.

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Confounding variable a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment

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External Validity the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and to other people

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Internal Validity the degree to which changes in the dependent variable are due to the manipulation of the independent variable

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Descriptive Research research methods that involve observing behavior to describe that behavior objectively and systematically

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Correlational Research research that seeks to identify whether an association or relationship between two factors exists

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Experimental Research research designed to discover causal relationships between various factors

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Institutional Review Board (IRB) A committee at each institution where research is conducted to review every experiment for ethics and methodology.

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descriptive statistics numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups. Includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation.

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Histogram a bar graph depicting a frequency distribution

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Mode The value that occurs most frequently in a given data set.

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Mean average

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Median Middle number

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Skewed When there are a few outliers that make the results lean toward one side

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Range the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

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Standard Deviation a measure of variability that describes an average distance of every score from the mean

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Normal Curve the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes.

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inferential statistics numerical methods used to determine whether research data support a hypothesis or whether results were due to chance

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statistical significance a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance