Organic Chemistry IUPAC Names And Other Stuff For the Exam

IUPAC names etc

An alcohol

is an organic compound containing one or more hydroxyl (-OH) groups attached to a carbon atom. Alcohols are typically characterized by their ability to engage in hydrogen bonding (N O F), which affects their boiling points and solubility.

An ether

is an organic compound in which an oxygen atom is bonded to two alkyl or aryl groups. generally characterized by their low reactivity and distinctive odors.

basicaly when something-o-something

-oxy to the shorter side

An alcohol

is an organic compound containing one or more hydroxyl (-OH) groups attached to a carbon atom. Alcohols are typically characterized by their ability to engage in hydrogen bonding (N O F), which affects their boiling points and solubility.

An ether

is an organic compound in which an oxygen atom is bonded to two alkyl or aryl groups. generally characterized by their low reactivity and distinctive odors.

basicaly when something-o-something

-oxy to the shorter side

An alk/ane/ene/yne

is a class of hydrocarbons characterized by the types of bonds between carbon atoms: alkanes have single bonds, alkenes have double bonds, and alkynes have triple bonds.

An ester

is an organic compound formed from the reaction of an alcohol and a carboxylic acid, characterized by the presence of a carbonyl group (C=O) adjacent to an ether link (–O–). known for their pleasant fruity odors and are commonly used in flavorings and fragrances.

RCOOR

-ate

fat

Isomerism

Same formula, different structure; can lead to differences in chemical properties and reactivity.

Structural/constitutional isomerism

Includes skeletal, positional and functional isomerism

Stereoisomerism

Includes cis/transisomerism, conformational isomerism and optical isomerism

Diastereomers

stereoisomers that do not mirror each other, one side being a cis and one side being a trans or one being S or R, not all diastereomers are cis/trans isomers tho

Positional isomers

a func group or other atom in a different spot, affects reactivity if alcohol (primary secondary tertiary)

Functional group isomers

same atoms, different func group

Chain isomers

the carbon chain branches out in a different way

Primary alcohol

OH carbon attached to one carbon only, oxidizes to aldehyde

Secondary alcohol

OH carbon attached to two carbons, oxidizes to ketone

Tertiary alcohol

OH carbon attached to three carbons, needs to turn to secondary or primary to oxidize

Aldehyde

Oxygen with a double bond to C

Ketone

Double bonded oxygen which is kinda like secondary

Carboxylic acid

COOH, -oic acid suffix, polar

Enantiomer

(R/S)molecules that mirror each other, in skeletal structures the wedges are reversed when changing R or S to S or R

if incmplete mirror, is diastereomer

Cis-trans or Entgegen/Zusammen isomerism

Cis (Z): two groups on same side of a plane, polar, higher bp
Trans(E): two groups on opposite sides, nonpolar, lower bp
can also happen in cyclical molecules
different phys propertie

E/Z works by ranking elements by atomic number and basically doing the same

Optical isomerism

when molecules are optically mirrored, aka R/S

Conformational isomerism

when the atoms are differently arranged around sigma bonds, no bonds are broken aka they twist around their bonds. can be anti, gauche or eclipsed.

R/S system

S: groups 1-3 (determined by atomic number of the atoms bonded to chiral carbon) go CCW with group 4 in the back

R: groups 1-3 go CW with group 4 in the back

If group 4 is in the front, it has to be switched to the back by reversing the clockwiseness (R->S or S->R)

If group 4 is neutral, put it to the back by doing the triangle thing

meso compounds

optically inactive, achiral despite having chiral centers, has an internal line of symmetry

aromatic compound

hydrocarbon with benzene ring

durable

benzene ring

cyclic alkane with double bonds in every other bond basically idk

turns to phenyl when anything bonded to it’

electrons delocalized so is durable

hydrocarbon

org compound with h and c

saturated/unsaturated hydrocarbons

unsaturated if double/triple bonds

benzyl group

benzene with methyl

-amine

NH2 or NH or N group, primary=1carbon bonded secondary = 2 tertiary = 3 quaternary = 4 cyclic = more

if for example 1 hydrgen from nitrogen was replace with butane it would be butanamine BUT if nitrogen not at END of butane it will be like any other func group as in “2-butanamine”

when something is attached to N while it is bonded to carbon chain and you wanna name it by the chain its gonna be N-[insert thing here]

when not priority group is [number]-amino somethingsomething

-amide

carboxylic acid but OH is an amine lol

CO-NH

solid at room temp except methylamide

mp & bp high has polarity and hbonds