Myers' Psychology Modules 2.1-2.8

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101 Terms

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Perception

The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.

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Top-down processing

A cognitive process that interprets sensory information by using existing knowledge, expectations, and experiences.

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Selective attention

Focusing conscious attention on a particular stimulus.

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Inattentional blindness

Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.

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Change blindness

Failing to notice changes in the environment.

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Perceptual set

A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another.

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Gestalt psychology

A specific focus on how we tend to integrate pieces of information in meaningful wholes.

“The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.”

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Figure-ground

The organization of the visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their surroundings (ground).

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Depth perception

The ability to see objects in three dimensions, even though the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional. It is a key component when judging distance.

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Visual cliff experiment

A laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals. The results of the experiment found that infants tend to avoid the "cliff" side, indicating they can perceive depth.

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Binocular cues

Depth cues that depend on the use of two eyes. Includes convergence and retinal dispairity.

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Monocular cues

Depth cues available to each eye independently. Includes relative clarity, relative size, interposition, linear perspective and texture gradient.

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Stroboscopic movement

The illusion of continuous movement went viewing a rapid series of slightly different still images (like watching hand-drawn animation).

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Phi phenomenon

The illusion of movement when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession, creating the sense that the light is moving.

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Autokinetic effect

The illusion of movement of a still light in a dark room, natural eye movement make the light seem to shudder and jerk around.

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Apparent movement

The illusion that as we move, stable objects appear to move with us.

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Perceptual constancy

Perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change. This includes color constancy, shape constancy, and size constancy.

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Perceptual adaptation

The ability to adjust to changed sensory input, including artificially displaced or inverted visual field.

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Metacognition

Cognition about our cognition! Being aware of our own thinking patterns and processes.

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Concepts

Mental groupings of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.

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Prototypes

Mental images of the best example of a concept. One’s prototype for the concept of a bird might be the common sparrow or robin.

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Schemas

A framework that organizes and interprets information about the world, shaping our understanding and expectations.

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Assimilation

Interpreting new experiences through terms of existing schemas.

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Accomodation

Adapting schema to incorporate new experiences and information.

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Convergent thinking

The ability to form one single correct solution to a problem.

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Divergent thinking

The ability to consider many different options and to think in new and creative ways.

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Components of creativity

Expertise, imaginative thinking skills, a venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, and a creative environment.

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Algorithms

Step-by-step procedures that guarantee a solution to a problem if followed correctly.

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Heuristics

Mental shortcuts used to solve problems quickly, but with less guarantee of accuracy compared to algorithms.

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Insight

A sudden realization of a problem's solution, often occurring after a period of incubation.

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Mental set

Using a method that has worked before to solve a problem, but it does not work for the current problem and you cannot view the problem from another perspective.

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Functional fixedness

The inability to see objects beyond what their original function is.

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Representativeness Heuristic

A mental shortcut that involves judging the likelihood of things based on how well they match a particular prototype, often leading to errors in decision-making and ignorance of other information.

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Availability heuristic

A mental shortcut that judges the likelihood of events based on how quickly they are remembered. More vivid instances come to mind quicker, so we have the tendency to perceive them as more likely to occur.

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Anchoring and adjustment

A mental shortcut that involves using an initial estimate as a reference point and then making adjustments based on new information, which can lead to biases in decision-making. This kind of heuristic revolves around the first piece of information we get about a topic, which can significantly bias decision-making or perceptions of an event.

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Gambler’s fallacy

The failure to recognize the independence of chance events, leading to the belief that one can predict the outcome of a chance events based on previous results.

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Sunk-cost fallacy

The tendency to continue a project or behavior once an investment in money, effort, or time has been made, even if it is clear that the outcome will not be favorable.

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Belief perseverance

The tendency for us to cling to our initial beliefs of a concept even when presented with evidence that discredits them.

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Framing

The way an issue is presented to us. It can significantly affect decision making and judgement.

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Intuition

Our immediate, automatic feeling about a situation, problem, person, etc. It is our “gut feeling.”

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Recall, recognition, relearning

The three retention measures. They give evidence that learning persists and can be remembered.

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Information-processing model

knowt flashcard image
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Encoding

The process of transforming sensory inputs into a memory.

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Storage

The process of retaining previously encoded memories over time.

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Retrieval

The process of accessing stored memories.

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Sensory memory

The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information. The sensory info either goes on to be encoded into short-term memory, or it is not encoded and lost.

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Short-term memory

The briefly activated memory of a few items that are later shored through encoding/rehearsal or forgotten.

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Long-term memory

The permanent and essentially limitless archive of memories. Includes all knowledge, skills, and experiences.

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Working memory

A newer understanding of short-term memory. It is the conscious, active processing of both incoming sensory information and information retrieved from long-term memory.

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Phonological loop

A memory component that briefly holds auditory information.

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Visuospatial sketchpad

A memory component that briefly holds information about objects’ appearance and location in space.

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Long-term potentiation

An increase in a neuron’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. It is the neutral bias for learning and memory.

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Explicit memory

The retention of facts and experiences the we consciously know.

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Implicit memory

The retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection.

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Automatic processing

The unconscious encoding of “incidental” information such as space, time, sensory inputs, and meanings of words.

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Iconic memory

The brief sensory memory of visual stimuli, lasting only a fraction of a second.

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Echoic memory

The persistent sensory memory of auditory stimuli, lasting several seconds, allowing for the recall of sounds.

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Shallow processing

Processing verbal or written information at a basic level, such as the structure or appearance of words, rather than their meaning.

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Deep processing

Processing verbal or written information on a more meaningful level by encoding the semantics (meanings) of words. It is more effective for recalling words at a later time.

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Semantic memory

The part of explicit memory that is the memory of facts and knowledge.

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Episodic memory

The part of explicit memory that is the memory of experienced events.

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Memory consolidation

The neutral storage of a long-term memory. The hippocampus migrates neural networks of memories to other areas of the cortex so the hippocampus has more room to consolidate new memories.

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Flashbulb memories

Highly detailed and vivid recollections of surprising events, often associated with strong emotional responses.

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Priming

The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory.

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Encoding specificity principle

The idea that cues and contexts specific to a memory will be most effective in helping us recall it.

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State-dependent memory

The theory that information learned in a particular state (such as mood or intoxication) is more easily recalled when in that same state.

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Mood-congruent memory

The tendency to recall memories that are consistent with one’s current mood.

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Serial position effect

The tendency to recall best the last items in a list initially (recency effect) and the first items in a list have a delay (primacy effect).

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Anterograde amnesia

The inability to form new memories. Old memories can still be recalled though.

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Retrograde amnesia

The inability to remember old memories. New memories are able to be encoded and stored though.

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Ebbinghaus forgetting curve

A graphical representation that depicts the decline of memory retention over time. If not rehearsed, forgetting is initially rapid, and then levels off over time.

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Proactive interference

When old learning disrupts the recall of newly learned info.

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Retroactive interference

When new learning disrupts recall of old information.

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Reconsolidation

A process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again.

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Misinformation effect

Occurs when a memory has been corrupted/severely altered by misleading information.

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Source amnesia

Faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned (or imagined).

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Intelligence

The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.

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General intelligence

A general factor that underlies all mental abilities, and therefore is measured by every task on intelligence tests.

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Spearman’s theory of intelligence

The theory that revolves around general intelligence, or g factor. The value of g predicts abilities in various cognitive tasks.

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Fluid intelligence

The ability to reason quickly and abstractly, independent of acquired knowledge.

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Crystallized intelligence

Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills. It continuously increases with age.

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CHC Intelligence Theory

The theory that intelligence is based of the g factor, but also includes fluid (Gf) and crystallized (Gc) intelligence to describe abilities in more specific cognitive areas.

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Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences

Howard Gardner’s theory proposing many different kinds of intelligence, including verbal skills, mathematical reasoning, interpersonal skills, and musical intelligence. The theory gives abilities beyond school-smarts equal importance in overall intelligence.

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Savant syndrome

A condition in which a person with otherwise limited mental abilities is extremely exceptional at one specific skill.

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Sternberg’s Three Intelligences

A theory that proposes multiple kinds of intelligence, similar to Gardner’s theory. There are three kinds: analytical (ability to solve problems with one defined answer), creative (ability to come up with innovative and novel ideas), and practical (the ability to do everyday tasks and solve problems with multiple solutions, like in every day life).

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Emotional intelligence

The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and regulate emotions.

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Achievement tests

Tests designed to measure what a person already knows.

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Aptitude tests

Tests designed to predict what a person will be able to achieve or learn.

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Mental age

The level of performance typically associated with children of a certain age. It reflects a child's intellectual development compared to their peers.

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Stanford-Binet IQ Test

A cognitive ability assessment that measures intelligence through a series of tasks, providing an IQ score that indicates intellectual potential. It is the widely used American revision of Alfred Binet’s original IQ test.

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Intelligence quotient

An individuals recorded mental age (derived from performance on an IQ test) divided by their chronological age and multiplied by 100. The mean score is always 100.

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Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

The most widely used intelligence test. It contains many different sub-tests, including vocabulary and perceptual reasoning. The test gives an overall score, but also scores for the individual sub-tests.

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Standarization

The process of administering a test to a large, representative sample to establish norms and ensure that it yields consistent results across different populations.

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Normal curve

A symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the normal distributions of data. The highest point of the curve is the mean score. Most scores are around the mean, and fewer scores are farther away from the mean.

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Flynn Effect

The rise in intelligence test performance over time and across cultures.

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Reliability

The extent to which a test yields consistent results after subsequent retesting.

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Construct validity

The extent to which a test measures the concept it is intended to measure.

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Predictive validity

The extent to which a test accurately predicts what it is designed to predict, such as future test scores or behaviors.

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Heritability

The portion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genetics.

Explore top notes

Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
Updated 364d ago
note Note
Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
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