APSUH unit 1-4

Technological Advances

Gunpowder
Sailing compass
Printing press
Caravel
Gave confidence to Isabella and Ferdinand to fund Columbus's voyage

Early Conflicts With Natives

Native Americans resisted European colonization and expansion.
Many wars and battles between Native Americans and European settlers.
Enslaved Africans by European settlers first arrived in 1501.
Policies of forced relocation and assimilation were implemented by the US government.
Native American populations were greatly reduced, and their cultures were suppressed.

The Columbian Exchange

* Period of rapid exchange of plants, animals, foods, communicable diseases, and diseases.
* Europe had the resources and technology to establish colonies far from home.
* Flow of Trade

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*  between the Old World and the New World.
* Old world refers to Africa, Asia, and Europe.
* Old World to New World: horses, pigs, rice, wheat, grapes
* New World to Old World: corn, potatoes, chocolate, tomatoes, avocado, sweet potatoes.
* The introduction of new crops to Europe helped to increase food production and stimulate growth.

Slavery

Indentured servants
Tobacco growing → need for more labor
Native American slavery wasn't working out because they kept dying of diseases.
Turned to Enslaved Africans
Slave Trade
By 1790, nearly 750,000 Black people were enslaved in England’s North American colonies
Middle Passage
Triangle Trade
Popular in the south, not so much in the North

Headright System

In 1618, the Virginia Company introduced the headright system as a means of attracting new settlers to the region and addressing the labor shortage created by the emergence of tobacco farming.
A "headright" was a tract of land, usually about 50 acres, that was granted to colonists and potential settlers.

Pilgrims

Puritans sought to purify the Anglican Church of Roman Catholic practices
Puritans began to look for a new place to practice their faith
One group of Puritans, called Separatists, decided to leave England and start fresh in the New World
Led by William Bradford
Signed the Mayflower Compact
Important for creating a legal system for the colony
Asserted government's power from the consent of governed, not God
Created a legal authority and assembly
Received assistance from local Native Americans

Pre-Columbian

This term refers to the time before Christopher Columbus arrived in the Americas in 1492. It encompasses the diverse societies and cultures that existed in the Americas before European contact, including the Aztecs, Incas, and various Native American tribes.

Columbian Exchange

The Columbian Exchange refers to the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Americas and Europe, Asia, and Africa after Columbus's voyages. This exchange had a significant impact on both the Old and New Worlds, leading to the spread of new crops, such as potatoes and maize, and the introduction of deadly diseases, such as smallpox.

Jamestown

Jamestown was the first permanent English settlement in North America, established in 1607 in what is now Virginia. It was founded by the Virginia Company with the goal of finding gold and other resources.

John Smith

John Smith was a leader of the Jamestown settlement and is best known for his role in establishing trade relations with the Powhatan Confederacy, a Native American tribe in the area.

Powhatan Confederacy

The Powhatan Confederacy was a group of Native American tribes in the Virginia region. They had a complex society and were skilled farmers, hunters, and fishermen.

Joint-stock company

A joint-stock company is a type of business organization in which investors buy shares of stock in a company and share in its profits and losses. The Virginia Company was a joint-stock company that financed the Jamestown settlement.

House of Burgesses

The House of Burgesses was the first legislative assembly in the English colonies. It was established in Virginia in 1619 and was composed of elected representatives from the various settlements in the colony.

Indentured servitude

Indentured servitude was a system in which a person agreed to work for a certain number of years in exchange for passage to the colonies. Many of the early settlers in Virginia were indentured servants.

Encomienda system

The encomienda system was a Spanish colonial system in which Spanish conquerors were given control of Native American communities and forced them to work in mines or on plantations. This system led to the abuse and exploitation of Native American labor. Bartolome de las Casas was active fighter against this system

Protestant Reformation

The Protestant Reformation was a religious movement that began in Europe in the 16th century. It challenged the authority of the Catholic Church and led to the establishment of new Protestant denominations. The Reformation played a role in the English colonization of America, as some English Protestants sought to establish new communities where they could practice their faith freely.

Puritanism

Puritanism was a religious movement that emerged in England in the 16th and 17th centuries. Puritans sought to "purify" the Church of England of what they saw as Roman Catholic influences. Many Puritans migrated to the colonies in New England, where they established a religious community based on their beliefs.

Mercantilism

Mercantilism was an economic theory that dominated European thought in the 17th and 18th centuries. It held that a nation's wealth was measured by the amount of gold and silver it possessed, and that a nation's economic success depended on its ability to export more goods than it imported. The British government used mercantilist policies to control trade in the colonies.

Navigation Acts

The Navigation Acts were a series of laws passed by the British government between 1651 and 1696 that regulated trade in the colonies. The acts required all colonial trade to be conducted on British ships and stipulated that certain goods, such as tobacco and sugar, could only be exported to England.

Bacon's Rebellion

Bacon's Rebellion was an armed uprising in Virginia in 1676 led by Nathaniel Bacon, a planter who was upset with Governor William Berkeley's policies. Bacon and his followers attacked and burned Jamestown, but the rebellion was eventually suppressed. It is significant because it highlighted tensions between the colonial elite and poor farmers and indentured servants.

Salem Witch Trials

The Salem Witch Trials were a series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts in 1692-1693. The trials resulted in the execution of 20 people and remain a cautionary tale about the dangers of mass hysteria and intolerance.

Great Awakening

The Great Awakening was a religious revival that swept through the colonies in the 1730s and 1740s. It was characterized by emotional, evangelical preaching and a focus on personal piety and individual salvation. The Great Awakening played a role in the development of new Protestant denominations and helped to spread ideas of religious freedom.

Enlightenment

The Enlightenment was a philosophical and cultural movement that emerged in Europe in the 18th century. It emphasized reason, science, and individual rights, and it challenged traditional religious and political authority. Enlightenment ideas had a profound influence on American political thought, including the ideas of natural rights and the social contract.

French and Indian War

The French and Indian War was a conflict between Britain and France over control of North America that took place from 1754 to 1763. The war ended with British victory, but it left Britain with a large debt and strained relations with the colonies.

Albany Plan of Union

The Albany Plan of Union was a proposal by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 to create a unified government for the colonies. The plan was not adopted, but it was significant because it was one of the first attempts to create a united colonial front against British rule.

Proclamation of 1763

The Proclamation of 1763 was a British government order that prohibited colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains. The proclamation was intended to ease tensions with Native Americans and prevent future conflicts, but it was resented by colonists who saw it as a restriction on their freedom and opportunities for expansion.

American Revolution

The American Revolution was a political and military conflict between Great Britain and its thirteen American colonies, which resulted in the colonies gaining independence and becoming the United States of America.

Declaration of Independence

The Declaration of Independence was a document written by Thomas Jefferson and adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776. It declared the thirteen American colonies to be free and independent states and listed their grievances against Great Britain.

Articles of Confederation

The Articles of Confederation were the first constitution of the United States, adopted in 1777 and ratified in 1781. They established a weak national government with limited powers and were eventually replaced by the United States Constitution in 1789.

Federalism

Federalism is a system of government in which power is divided between a central government and state governments. The United States operates under a federal system.

Bill of Rights

The Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments to the Constitution, adopted in 1791. They protect individual liberties and rights, such as freedom of speech, religion, and the press.

Hamilton's financial plan

Alexander Hamilton, the first Secretary of the Treasury, developed a financial plan to help the new nation pay off its debts and establish economic stability. His plan included creating a national bank and imposing tariffs on imports.

Whiskey Rebellion

The Whiskey Rebellion was a protest by western farmers against a federal tax on whiskey in 1791. The rebellion was put down by federal troops, demonstrating the new government's ability to enforce its laws.

Jay's Treaty

Jay's Treaty was a 1795 agreement between the United States and Great Britain negotiated by Chief Justice John Jay. The treaty resolved several outstanding issues between the two nations, including trade disputes and British occupation of western forts, but was controversial and unpopular in the United States.

Louisiana Purchase

The Louisiana Purchase was the acquisition of the Louisiana Territory by the United States from France in 1803. The purchase doubled the size of the United States and was one of Thomas Jefferson's most significant achievements as president.

War of 1812

The War of 1812 was a conflict between the United States and Great Britain that lasted from 1812 to 1815. It was fought over issues such as trade restrictions, impressment of American sailors, and British support of Native American resistance to American expansion.

Market Revolution

The Market Revolution was a period of economic transformation in the United States that occurred between the early 19th century and the Civil War. It involved the development of a national market economy based on transportation improvements, new technologies, and increased commercialization.

Jacksonian democracy

Jacksonian democracy was a political movement in the United States led by President Andrew Jackson and his supporters. It emphasized the importance of the common man, limited government, and opposition to the wealthy elites.

Indian Removal Act

The Indian Removal Act was a law passed by Congress in 1830 that authorized the forced relocation of Native American tribes from their ancestral lands in the Southeastern United States to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma).

Nullification Crisis

The Nullification Crisis was a political confrontation between President Andrew Jackson and the state of South Carolina in 1832-33. South Carolina claimed the right to nullify federal laws it deemed unconstitutional, but Jackson threatened to use military force to uphold federal authority.

Second Great Awakening

The Second Great Awakening was a religious revival movement in the United States that took place in the early to mid-19th century. It emphasized personal salvation, individual responsibility, and moral reform, and led to the formation of new religious denominations and social reform movements.

Mexican-American War

The Mexican-American War was a conflict between the United States and Mexico that lasted from 1846 to 1848. It was fought over issues such as the annexation of Texas, the boundary between Texas and Mexico, and American expansionism.

Compromise of 1850

The Compromise of 1850 was a series of laws passed by Congress in an attempt to resolve tensions between Northern and Southern states over issues such as slavery and the admission of new states to the Union.

Fugitive Slave Act

The Fugitive Slave Act was a law passed by Congress in 1850 that required the return of runaway slaves to their owners. It was deeply unpopular in the North and contributed to tensions between the North and South over the issue of slavery.