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Organism
A single living individual (e.g., one wolf, one oak tree). Smallest ecological unit.
Population
All members of the SAME species living in the same area at the same time (e.g., all wolves in Yellowstone).
Community
All populations of DIFFERENT species interacting in the same area (e.g., all plants, animals, fungi in a forest).
Ecosystem
A community PLUS all the nonliving (abiotic) factors — water, sunlight, soil, temperature.
Biosphere
ALL living organisms on Earth plus the areas they inhabit. Largest ecological level.
Biotic Factors
LIVING components of an ecosystem: plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, etc.
Abiotic Factors
NONLIVING components: sunlight, water, temperature, soil, air, pH, salinity.
Habitat
The specific place in an ecosystem where an organism lives and finds what it needs to survive.
Niche
An organism's role in its ecosystem — what it eats, when it's active, how it reproduces, where it lives.