Mcshaff Final

Progressive Movement

an early 20th century reform movement seeking to return control of the government to the people, to restore economic opportunities, and to correct injustices in American life

protecting social welfare, promoting moral improvement, creating economic reform, fostering

Goals of Progressivism

Social Gospel

movement in the 1800s which aimed to help the poor through community centers, churches, and social services

Young Men’s Christian Association

opened libraries, sponsored classes, and built swimming pools and handball courts during the progressive era

Florence Kelley

became an advocate for improving the lives of women and children; was appointed to chief inspector of factories for Illinois after she helped to win passage of the Illinois Factory Act in 1893

Prohibition

the banning of the manufacture, sale, and possession of alcoholic beverages

Women’s Christian Temperance Union

Founded in Cleveland in 1874; spearheaded the crusade for prohibition; members advanced their cause by entering saloons, singing, praying, and urging saloon keepers to stop selling alcohol

Anti-Saloon League

Founded in 1895, members sought to close saloons to cure society’s problems; tension arose between them and many immigrants

Eugene V. Debs

Person who helped organize the American Socialist Party in 1901; commented on the uneven balance among business, government, and ordinary people under the free-market system of capitalism

Muckrakers

the magazine journalists who exposed the corrupt side of business and public life in the early 1900s

Ida M. Tarbell

Wrote “History of the Standard Oil Company” and described the company’s current cutthroat methods of eliminating competition

Scientific Management

the application of scientific principles to increase efficiency in the workplace

Henry Ford

Person who reduced the workday to eight hours and paid workers five dollars a day to keep automobile workers happy and to prevent strikes after the introduction of assembly lines

Galveston / Commission Plan

after the hurricane and tidal wave almost demolished Galveston Texas and the politicians on the city council botched the huge relief and rebuilding job, the Texas legislature appointed a 5-member commission of experts to take over; each expert took charge of a different city department and rebuilt Galveston

Robert M. La Follette

Person who served 3 terms as governor before he entered the US Senate in 1906; he explained that he did not mean to smash corporations, but merely drive them out of politics; his main target was the railroad industry

Keating-Owen Act

Prohibited the transportation across state lines of goods produces with child labor

Muller v. Oregon

Court case in 1908 were Louis D. Brandeis convinced the Court to uphold an Oregon law limiting women to a 10-hour workday

Secret Ballot

William A. U’Ren prompted Oregon to adopt this, the initiative, the referendum, and the recall; aka the Australian Ballot

Initiative

a bill originated by the people rather than law makers

Referendum

a vote on the initiative

recall

enabled voters to remove public officials from elected positions by forcing them to face another election before the end of their term

Primary System

enabled voters, instead of political machines, to choose candidates for public office through a special popular election

17th Amendment

an amendment to the US constitution that provides for the election of US senators by the people rather than by state legislatures

Triangle-Shirtwaist Factory Fire

146 workers, mostly Jewish and Italian immigrant girls died in a 1911 fire

National Association of Colored Women

In 1896, African American women founded this by merging two earlier organizations; Josephine Ruffin identified its mission as “the moral education of the race with which we are identified”; managed nurseries, reading rooms, and kindergartens

Susan B. Anthony

A leading proponent of woman suffrage who said “I would sooner cut off my right hand than ask the ballot for the black man and not for women”; helped found the NWSA

Suffrage

the right to vote

National American Woman Suffrage Association

United with the NWSA

Upton Sinclair

a muckraking journalist who wrote the Jungle in 1906

The Jungle

Book wrote by Upton Sinclair that exposed the sickening conditions of the meatpacking industry

Theodore Roosevelt

Person who was urged to run as McKinley’s vice-president the state’s political bosses when he was the governor of New York; when McKinley was assassinated he became president

William McKinley

25th US president; was assassinated 6 months into his second term

Leon Czolgosz

Person who assassinated President McKinley

Square Deal

President Theodore Roosevelt’s program of progressive reforms designed to protect the common people against big businesses

Northern Securities Case

A company had established a monopoly over northwestern railroads; in 1904, the Supreme Court dissolved teh company

PA Coal Strike

140,000 coal miners in Pennsylvania went on strike and demanded a 20% raise, a 9-hour workday, and the right to organize a union; miners won a 10% pay hike and a 9-hour workday but they had to give up their demand for a closed shop and their right to strike for the next 3 years

Interstate Commerce Commission

set up to enforce the Interstate Commerce Act but had little power

Elkins Act

Passed in 1903 which made it illegal for railroad officials to give, and shippers to receive, rebates for using particular railroads

Hepburn Act

1906; strictly limited the distribution of free railroad passes and gave the ICC power to set maximum railroad rates

Meat Inspection Act

Passed in 1906; it dictated strict cleanliness requirements for meat packers and created the program of federal meat inspection that was in use until it was replaced by more sophisticated techniques in the 1990s

Pure Food and Drug Act

Passed in 1906, it halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and called for truth in labeling

John Muir

A naturalist and writer with whom Theodore Roosevelt camped in California’s Yosemite National Park in 1903; he persuaded the president to set aside 148 million acres of water-power sites and another 80 million acres of land that experts form the US Geological Survey would explore for mineral and water resources

Gifford Pinchot

Who did TR appoint to head of the US Forest Service; he was a professional conservationist and had administrative skill as well as the latest scientific and technical information

Conservation

the planned management of natural resources, involving the protection of some wilderness areas and the development of others for the common good

Newlands Act

established the precedent that the federal government would manage the precious water resources of the West

Booker T. Washington

Head of the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute; was the African American leader most respected by powerful whites

WEB Du Bois

opposed Booker T. Washington; he renewed his demands for immediate social and economic equality for African Americans

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

had over 6,000 members by 1914 and aimed for nothing less than full equality among the races; founded in 1909 by African Americans and prominent white reformers in New York

Lincoln Steffens

usually named as a leading figure of the muckraking movement; he published exposes of business and government corruption in McClure’s Magazine and other magazines.

Ida M. Tarbell

Wrote “the history of the Standard Oil Company” which exposed the ruthlessness with which John D. Rockefeller had turned his oil business into an all-powerful monopoly

William Howard Taft

Theo Roosevelt handpicked him to run against William Jennings Bryan; he won the 1908 election becoming the 27th US President

Payne-Aldrich Tariff

a set of tax regulations, enacted by Congress in 1909, that failed to significantly reduce tariffs on manufactured goods

Richard A. Ballinger

a wealthy lawyer from Seattle who was appointed to secretary of the interior by Taft angering conservationists

New Nationalism

Roosevelt proposed this after returning from Africa; the federal government would exert its power for”the welfare of the people”

Bull Moose Party

What did the Progressive party become known as

Woodrow Wilson

Who was the democratic candidate in the 1912 election

1912 election

Presidential election where the democrats had their first real chance of winning since the election of Grover Cleveland in 1982; Woodrow Wilson won against Taft and Roosevelt

Carrie Chapman Catt

The NAWSA’s president; called for an emergency suffrage convention in September 1916

Clayton Antitrust Act

sought to strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890; prohibited corporations form acquiring the stock of another if doing so would create a monopoly

Samuel Gompers

President of the American Federation of Labor who saw great value to workers in the Clayton Act

Federal Trade Commission

“watchdog” agency that was given the power to investigate possible violations of regulatory statutes and to put an end to a number of unfair business practices

Underwood Act

Would substantially reduce tariff rates for the first time since the Civil war in 1913

16th Amendment

ratified in 1913, it legalized a federal income tax, which provided revenue by taxing individual earnings and corporate profits

Progressive Tax

larger incomes were taxed at higher rates than smaller incomes

Federal Reserve Act

1913; divided the nation into 12 districts and established a regional central bank in each district

painstaking organization; close ties between local, state, and national workers; establishing a wide base of support; cautious lobbying; and gracious, ladylike behavior

What were the 5 NAWSA Tactics

19th Amendment

granted women the right to vote

Queen Liliuokalani

Person who realized that her reign in Hawaii had come to an end

John L. Stevens

US ambassador to Hawaii who informed the State Department “The Hawaiian pear is now fully ripe, and this is the golden hour for the US to pluck it”

Imperialism

the policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories

desire for military strength, thirst for new markets, and belief in cultural superiority

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what were the three factors that fueled the new American Imperialism

Alfred T. Mahan

Admiral of the US Navy who urged government officials to build up American naval power in order to compete with other powerful nations

Social Darwinism

a belief that free-market competition would lead to the survival of the fittest

William Seward

secretary of state under presidents Abe Lincoln and Andrew Johnson;he arranged for the US to buy Alaska from the Russians for $7.2 million; this was called “Seward’s Folly”

McKinley Tariff

1890; provoked crisis by eliminating the duty-free statues of Hawaiian sugar

Pearl Harbor

in 1887, the US military and economic leaders pressured Hawaii to allow the US to build a naval base in Hawaii’s best port

Sanford B. Dole

Who headed the government after the revolution that overthrew Queen Liliuokalani

August 12, 1898

When was Hawaii annexed

Jose Marti

a Cuban poet and journalist in exile in New York who launched a revolution in 1895

Valeriano Weyler

Who did Spain send in response to the Cuban revolt; he tried to crush the rebellion by herding the entire rural population of central and western Cuba into barbed-wire concentration camps

William Randolph Hearst

Yellow journalist who wrote the New York Journal

Joseph Pulitzer

Yellow journalist who wrote the New York World

Yellow Journalism

the sensational style of writing, which exaggerates the new to lure and enrage readers

De Lome Letter

letter that criticized President McKinley, calling him weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd; it got leaked by the New Your Journal

USS Maine

Ship sent to Cuba to bring home American citizens in danger from the fighting and to protect American property

George Dewey

gave the command to open fire on the Spanish fleet at Manila; him and his men had destroyed every Spanish ship there within hours

Emilio Aguinaldo

Who led the Filipino rebels in the Spanish American War

Rough Riders

a volunteer cavalry under the command of Leonard Wood and Theo Roosevelt

Kettle Hill

First part of the battle in the Spanish American War that featured a dramatic uphill charge by the Rough Riders and 2 African American regiments

San Juan Hill

What did the victory of Kettle Hill pave way for which was a strategic infantry attack

John Hay

Person who issued the Open Door Notes policy

Treaty of Paris

the treaty ending the Spanish American War, in which Spain freed Cuba, turned over the islands of Guam and Puerto Rico to the US, and sold the Philippines to the US for $20 million

Foraker Act

legislation passed by Congress in 1900, in which the US ended military rule in Puerto Rico and set up a civil government

Insular Cases

The US Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution did not automatically apply to people in acquired territories

Teller Amendment

stated that the US had no intention of taking over any part of Cuba

Platt Amendment

Stated that Cuba could not make treaties that might limit its independence or permit a foreign power to control any part of its territory, the US reserved the right to intervene in Cuba, Cuba was not to go into debt that its government could not repay, the US could buy or lease land on the island for naval stations and refueling stations

Protectorate

a country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power

Filipino-American War

Was caused by the outrage of Filipinos to the Treaty of Paris, which called for American annexation of the Philippines

Open Door Notes

letters addressed to the leaders of imperialist nations proposing that the nations share their trading rights with the US

Righteous and Harmonious Fists

The real name of the boxers, some of the Chinese who formed secret societies pledged to rid the country of “foreign devils”