AP Euro Unit 2 | Ch 4 Religious Wars

Baroque

• Counter-Reform style

• Dramatic, exaggerated emotion/light (chiaroscuro)

• Goal: Convert/awe masses.

• Peter Paul Rubens (The Elevation of the Cross; intense action around Christ) & Bernini (St. Peter’s Basilica colonnade)

Huguenots

• French Calvinists who were challenged French monarch & church

• Wanted freedom of religion, lessened church power, more political rights

Guise Family

• Dominant in Eastern Europe

• Catholic; most powerful family

Catherine De Médicis

• Regent to son Charles IX

• Fought to keep France Catholicism & monarchical power

• Led to St. Bartholomew’s Massacre

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1572)

• Catherine de Médicis ordered assassination of Coligny

• Led to killing of ~20k Huguenots. Initiated War of Three Henrys.

Henry IV/Edict of Nantes (1598)

• Winner of the civil war (War of 3 Henrys)

• Converted to Catholicism (Politique) for unity

• Issued Edict of Nantes (1598): granted Huguenots guaranteed religious freedom, ending French rel wars

Philip II

• Son of Charles V, most powerful man in Europe

• Taxes Catilians & tried re-imposing Catholicism in Europe/Netherlands

• Started Dutch War

Spanish Armada

• Philip II sent fleet to invade England (triggered by Mary Stuart's execution), distracting Spain

• English swifter navy won

• Signaled Spain's decline and England's rise as a naval power

Mary I (Bloody Mary)

Cery hostile to Protestants; marries Philip of Spain who is also very Catholic; burns hundreds of Protestants at the state (Marian exiles)

Ferdinand II

Habsburg Roman Catholic Emperor; devout catholic; tried re-Catholicizing HRE (Bohemia), starting TYW; Edict of Restitution

Treaty of Westphalia

• Ended TYW

• Recognized Calvinism

• Confirmed Netherlands/Switzerland independence

• Guaranteed Germany's disunity and ended universal Christendom

• Weakened HRE

Battle of Lepanto (1517)

Phillip II defeated Ottoman Navy, ending Ottoman Mediterranean threat

William of Orange

• Politique

• Leader of Dutch independence, laid foundation for Dutch republic

• Denounced Philip II as tyrant

Thirty Years' War (1614-48)

• Engulfed all of Europe; killed 1/3 of the German population

• Failure of Peace of Augsburg (no Calvinism recognized)

• Triggered by Defenestration of Prague

Elizabethan Settlement

• Elizabeth I (Politique) established Anglicanism

• Contrast to Catholic Mary I ("Bloody Mary"), who persecuted Protestants

Edict of Restitution

• Made by Ferdinand II

• Gave land taken by Lutherans and gave it back to Catholics

• Height of Catholic power during TYW

Escorial

• New royal palace and monastery to honor the martyrdom of St. Lawrence

• Symbolized Philip II’s power & commitment to his Cath crusade

Dutch Revolt (1568-1648)

• War for independence from Catholic Spain

• Led by William of Orange (Politique)

• Spanish oppression (Duke of Alba’s taxes, Spanish Fury’s Antwerp massacre) led to unified resistance (Pacification of Ghent alliance)

War of the Three Henrys (1587-89)

• Civil war for French throne

• Henry III (Valois) vs. Henry of Guise (Catholic) vs. Henry of Navarre (Bourbon)

Defenestration of Prague

• Due to Ferdinand II’s restrictions on Prot in Bohemia

• 2 HRE officials thrown out of a window, triggering TYW

Cardinal Richelieu

• French who allied w/ Prot forces to defeat Habsburg in TYW

• Policies reflected Cath France’s political concerns

TYW Phases & Figures

• Bohemian/Danish: Ferdinand II (Habsburg) won using Wallenstein → Edict of Restitution.

• Swedish/French: Gustavus Adolphus II (Sweden) reversed tide. Richelieu (France) joined Protestants for anti-Habsburg politics.

English Civil War

• Caused by Charles I's Divine Right/absolutism vs. Parliament/Puritans

• Cavaliers vs. Roundheads (led by Cromwell)

• Ended with Charles I's execution and Cromwell's Protectorate

Witchcraft

• Increased due to religious conflict and upheaval

• Vulnerable women were scapegoats

Iconoclasm

Movement where Protestants destroyed religious icons (images/relics)

French Wars of Religion

• Conflict between Huguenots (Bourbons) and Guise (Catholic)

• Catherine de Médicis initiated St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1572), killing ∼20k

Puritans

• English Protestants who challenged English monarch & Catholic-influences

• Wanted purified & reformed church, removal of Catholics, more powerful parliament

Bourbon Family

• Dominated south and west France (Henry IV)

• Protestant supporters for political reasons (vs. Guise)