AP Euro - Religious Wars (Unit 2)

Counter-Reformation

16th century reform movement in the Roman Catholic Church in reaction to Protestant Reformation

Baroque

• Style of art marked by exaggerated & dramatic ornamentation, use of light/shadow (chiaroscuro), emotion

• Associated with the Counter-Reformation, goal of converting ppl

• Peter Paul Rubens (The Elevation of the Cross) and Gianlorenzo Bernini (St. Peter’s Basilica colonnade)

Politiques

Rulers who put success and well-being of the state above all, including religion

Huguenots

French Calvinists who were challenged French monarch & church; wanted freedom of religion, lessened church power, more political rights

Guise Family

Dominant in Eastern Europe; Catholic; most powerful family

Duke of Guise

Massacres Protestants Reformers in Champagne; caused start of French Wars of Religion

Gaspard de Coligny

Leader of French Protestants; became adviser to Charles IX; Catherine became suspicious and planned to have him killed; much better military strategist than Condé

Louis I, Prince of Condé

Killed in 3rd War of Religion in France; leader of Bourbon family; Converted to Calvinism; Protestant military leader; for religious toleration

Catherine De Médicis

• Acts as regent to son Charles IX

• Unsuccessfully tries religious toleration between Protestants and Calvinists

• Fought to keep Catholicism in France & monarchial power

• Convinced Charles to do St. Bartholomew’s Massacre

Theodore Beza

John Calvin's "apprentice" ; Defends rights to resist tyranny; converted Henry IV's mother, Jeanne d'Albert

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

• Due to Catherine de Medici

• Coligny & 20k Huguenots killed over 3 days

• Initiated War of Three Henrys & justified Prot resistance

Henry of Navarre/IV

• Protestant as King of France; converts to Catholicism, horrifying Huguenots, but ends the war

• Edict of Nantes

Edict of Nantes (1598)

Formed religious settlement that gave Protestants religious freedom (private worship); it was by Henry IV; ended French religious wars

Philip II

Son of Charles V, most powerful man in Europe, extremely wealthy from New World; makes Castilian peasants most taxed

Spanish Armada

• Spanish’s failed invasion of England due to England’s swifter navy

• England became global naval power

• Started Spain’s decline

• Distracted Spain, allowing Netherlands’ independence

The Compromise

National Netherland plede to reject decrees of Trent and Inquisition

Duke of Alba

Put down revolt by Protestant "Beggars," executes thousands of suspected heretics including Egmont; lead "Council of Trouble" ("Council of Blood")-an army of 10,000

Lady Jane Grey

Edward VI made plans to make her queen. However, hereditary monarchy too powerful and she is beheaded, Mary I=queen

Mary I

Bloody Mary; very hostile to Protestants; marries Philip of Spain who is also very Catholic; burns hundreds of Protestants at the state & led Marian exiles

Act of Supremacy

(1534) declared that Henry VIII, not pope, is head of Church of England

Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots

Flees to England to cousin Elizabeth I, she gets executed for plotting to end her life; leads to invasion of Spanish Armada

Presbyterians

Alternative national church by Protestants; contained semi-autonomous congregations represented by presbyteries (elders)

Ferdinand II

Habsburg Roman Catholic Emperor; devout catholic; took away Protestant rights; passed Edict of Restitution

Treaty of Westphalia

• Ends Thirty Years' War

• Peace of Augsburg & Recognized Calvinism

• Switzerland and the Netherlands were recognized as independent

• Ended Edict of Restitution

• Ended goal of 1 Christian faith

• HRE weakened

• Guaranteed Germany’s disunity

Battle of Lepanto

• Spain’s defeat of the Turkish navy off the coast of Greece

• Driven by Philip II’s religious motivations

• Ended the Ottoman threat in the Mediterranean & strengthened Spain

William of Orange

• Politique; threw Cardinal Granvelle out of the Netherlands

• Leader of Dutch independence, laid foundation for Dutch republic

• Denounced Philip II as tyrant

Congregationalists

Extreme Puritans who wanted every congregation to be autonomous with neither higher episcopal no Presbyterian control

Thirty-Nine Articles

Official statement of the beliefs of the Church of England; Established modern form of Protestantism; written by Thomas Cranmer

Thirty Years' War (1614-48)

• Most deadly of the wars of religion; engulfed all of Europe; killed 1/3 of the German population

• Caused by Peace of Augsburg not recognizing all Protestants (Calvinists)

• Split into 4 parts: Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, Swedish-French

Peace of Augsburg

Made Lutheranism a recognized religion; Calvinism and other Protestant religions were not

Edict of Fontainebleau

Subjected Protestants to the Inquisition; followed by Edict of Chateaubriand

Bourbon Family

Dominated south and west France; Protestant supporters

Montmorency-Chatillons Family

Dominated center of France; Protestant supporters

January Edict

Allowed Protestants to worship freely outside towns, but privately in towns; made by Catherine De Médicis

Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye

Protestant strength recognized; grants religious freedom in territories and the ability to fortify cities

John Knox

Protestant leader in Scotland; wrote "First Blast of the Trumpet against the Terrible Regiment of Women"

Peace of Beaulieu

Gave Huguenots religious freedom; Enacted and then revoked by Henry III

"Day of Barricades"

Henry III tried to expel Catholic League w/ surprise attacks but he failed

Treaty of Vervins

Ended French hostilities with Spain

Don John of Austria

Philip II's 1/2 brother; defended Europe from Muslim Turks; military and naval leader of Habsburg Empire

Cardinal Granvelle

Lead council in charge of the Netherlands; real name was Antoine Perrenot; wanted to set up a Madrid-lead government; Thrown out by William of Orange and Count of Egmont

Louis of Nassau

William of Orange's brother; lead revolt in the Netherlands after Philip II tried enforcing decrees from the Council of Trent; called for support from Huguenots and German Lutherans

Spanish Fury

Spanish mercenaries tore through Antwerp killing 7,000 people; lead all Dutch provinces to turn on Spain ("Pacification of Ghent" and then "Union of Brussels")

Perpetual Edict

Signed by Don John after defeat; forced all Spanish troops out of the Netherlands

Union of Arras

Southern Dutch provinces made peace with Spain

Elizabeth I

Best of all English monarchs; Protestant; wanted religious freedom everywhere; rivaled Mary Queen of Scots

Act of Uniformity

Mandated version 2 of Common Book of Prayer in all churches

John Hawkins and Sir Francis Drake

Elizabeth's "Sea Dogs" that helped destroy the Spanish Armada

Sir Francis Walsingham

Elizabeth's secretary; uncovered multiple plots to kill Elizabeth, including one by Mary, Queen of Scots

Frederick III

Elector Palatine; first to make Calvinism a national religion in Palatine

Catholic League of Bavaria

Formed by Maximilian I of Bavaria in response to Protestant League formed by Elector Palatine Frederick IV

Edict of Restitution

Made by Ferdinand II; gave land taken by Lutherans and gave it back to Catholics; height of Catholic power during TYW

Albrecht of Wallenstein

Strong Protestant mercenary who fought Catholic Ferdinand; helped crushed many protestant armies; Ferdinand had him assassinated

Gustavus Adolphus II

Lutheran King of Sweden; lead Protestant forces against Ferdinand; military genius; won crushing victory at Breitenfeld which turned the tide of the Swedish period war; died at the hands of Wallenstein

Peace of Prague

Protestants (besides France, the Netherlands, and Sweden) made peace with Ferdinand; refusal to join started 4th part of the war

Treaty of Pyrenees

Peace between France and Spain after Thirty Years' War

Escorial

• New royal palace and monastery built near Madrid to honor the martyrdom of St. Lawrence

• Symbolized Philip II’s power & commitment to his Cath crusade

Dutch Revolt (1568-1648)

• War of Netherlands’ independence from Spain

• William of Orange led resistance against policies (Inquisition)

• Formed United Provinces of the Netherlands (Dutch Republic)

War of the Three Henrys (1587-89)

• Civil wars btwn Henry III (Valois), Henry of Guise, Henry of Navarre (Bourbons)

• Henry of Navarre won & became king as Henry VI

Defenestration of Prague

• Due to HR emperor’s restrictions on Prot in Bohemia

• 2 HRE officials thrown out of a window

• Triggered Bohemian phase of TYW

Cardinal Richelieu

• French who allied w/ Prot forces to defeat HRE

• Policies reflected Cath France’s pol diplomatic concerns

• Defeated HRE during French phase of TYW

Peace of Augsburg (1555)

• Agreement gave German princes right to choose own religion for their state within HRE

• Didn’t recognize other Prot groups (Calvinism), leading to TYW

A Political Interpretation of the Thirty Years’ War - Hajo Holborn

• TYW was struggle btwn estates (princes) & Habsburg monarchy (emperor) that spread to Euro

• Religion used by to rationalize secular actions

A Religious Interpretation of the Thirty Years’ War - Carl J. Friedrich

• Rel & pol closely linked

• HRE’s Peace of Augsburg was a rel settlement

• Ferdinand II pushing counter-reform & push for Bohemian crown motivated by rel

What efforts were made to suppress Protestants in the French Wars of Religion (1562-98) and why?

• Massacred many prots (Vassy, St. Batholowmew’s Day Massacre)

• Catherine de Medicis feared the growing power of Prots & Coligny (threatenign pol stability)

• Calvinism viewed as a heresy

Explain why each of the following were considered politiques: Henry of Navarre (Henry IV of France), Elizabeth I, and William of Orange.

• Henry of Navarre/VI: Converted to Catholicism but tolerant of Protestants

• Elizabeth I: Made Protestant official rel but allowed private belief

• William of Orange: Led Dutch revolt against Spanish for Netherlands’ independence & stability

Why did Elizabeth I have her cousin, Mary, Queen of Scots put to death?

Mary threatened Eliz’s spot on throne via assassination plots

Why did Philip II send the Spanish Armada to fight Elizabeth I in 1588 and what were the results for Spain and for England?

• Motivations: Wanted to revive Catholicism in Eng & fight against Eng piracies

• Spain: Weakened, allowed Netherlands to gain independence

• Eng: Rise of it as world naval power; strengthened Elizabeth

What are the political, economic, and religious issues surrounding the revolt in the Netherlands?

• Pol: Dutch independence from Spanish Habsburg (Philip II) w/ Dutch republic

• Eco: Infation/taxation of peasants

• Rel: Wanted rel freedom/toleration

Briefly discuss the causes and consequences of the Thirty Years’ War (1618-48)?

• Causes: Failure of Peace of Augsburg, Ferdinand II’s conversion of Bohemia to Cath & renouncing Prot

• Consequences: Treaty of Westphalia, Germany further divided, HRE decline

What was the social, political, religious, and economic significance of the United Provinces of Europe? How was it that this small region was able to defend itself against Spain?

• Social: Toleration allowed new ideas to flourish & artists/scientists; Golden Age (Frans Hals)

• Political: Allowed Dutch provinces independence

• Religious: Greater rel tolerance

• Economic: Became a major economic power via trade

• Causes: Orange’s leadership, resistance (opening dikes), Spanish armada distraction

What were the terms of the Treaty of Westphalia (1648) and why is it significant?

• Terms: Reinstated Peace of Augsburg but recognized Calvinism

• Significance: Ended rel wars, ended 1 christian faith, guaranteed Germany’s disunity, HRE & Habsburg weakened

Phases of the Thirty Years’ War:

1. Bohemian Period: Sparked by Defenstration of Prague; fought btwn Bohemian Protestants & Habsburg Ferdinand II; Catholic (Habsburg) victory over Bohemia

2. Danish Period: Starts w/ Lutheran king Christian IV (Denmark) leading Protestant resistant for territory; Albrecht of Wallenstein led Catholic victory & Edict of Restitution

3. Swedish Period: King Gustavus Adolphus II (Sweden) led Protestants; Protestants won, pushing Catholics to Bohemia

4. Swedish-French Period: Battle for political balance of power w/ Cardinal Richelieu (France) & Sweden vs. Habsburg; weakened HRE

James I (England)

• Divine rights of kings/absolutism

• Taxed w/o Parliament, who he only summoned once

• Tried allying w/ Spain despite bad history

Charles I (England)

• Divine right of kings/absolutism

• Dissolved Parliament twice

• Religious persecution of Puritans (Caused civil war)

• Forced taxation

• Beheaded by own subjects

English Civil War

• Started w/ Charles I; Cavaliers (king) vs. Roundheads (Puritans)

• Post-War: Interregnum (no king) → Commonwealth → Protectorate (Cromwell’s Puritan dictatorship)

Oliver Cromwell

• Puritan military leader of Roundheads

• Led New Model Army’s victory voer Cavaliers

• Pride’s Purge: New Model Army removed non-Puritans from parliament (1/5 memebers left)

Witchcraft

• Grew due to conflict; explanation for misfortunes

• Prevalent (Salem); scapegoats were vulnerable women (old, widowed) due to sexism that women were impure & vulnerable to Devil

Iconoclasm

Movement where Protestants destroyed religious icons (imgs)

French Wars of Religion

Causes: Huguenots threat to Catholicism; Huguenots wanted political rights (religious freedom); France divided btwn Guise & Bourbons; Catherine Medicis’ goal of keeping monarchical power

Parties involved: Royals, Medicis, three Henrys

Outcome: Edict of Nantes, Henry IV becoming Catholic, more acceptance of all religion

Religious Wars in Spain

Cause: Philip II (Spain) wanting to impose Catholicism & control over Netherlands

Developments: Catholic & Protestant provinces allied to fight Spain; South made peace treaty w/ Spain; Dutch republic for independence

Outcome: Armada left Spain weakened; Spain bankruptcy due to overusage of funds

Puritans

English Protestants who challenged English monarch & Catholic-influences; wanted purified & reformed church, removal of Catholics, more powerful parliament