CH 4 - Religious Wars (AP Euro Unit 2)

Counter-Reformation

16th century reform movement in the Roman Catholic Church in reaction to Protestant Reformation

Baroque

• Art style marked by exaggerated & dramatic ornamentation, use of light/shadow (chiaroscuro), emotion

• Associated w/ Counter-Reform; goal of converting ppl

• Peter Paul Rubens (The Elevation of the Cross; intense action around Christ) and Gianlorenzo Bernini (St. Peter’s Basilica colonnade)

Huguenots

French Calvinists who were challenged French monarch & church; wanted freedom of religion, lessened church power, more political rights

Guise Family

Dominant in Eastern Europe; Catholic; most powerful family

Duke of Guise

Massacres Protestants Reformers in Vassy; caused start of French Wars of Religion

Gaspard de Coligny

Leader of French Protestants; Catherine became suspicious and planned to have him killed (SBM)

Louis I, Prince of Condé

Bourbon who led French Protestant resistance

Catherine De Médicis

• Regent to son Charles IX

• Unsuccessfully tries religious toleration btwn Protestants and Calvinists

• Fought to keep France Catholicism & monarchical power

• Led to St. Bartholomew’s Massacre

Theodore Beza

John Calvin's "apprentice"; Defends rights to resist tyranny; converted Henry IV's mother

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

• Due to Catherine de Medici

• Coligny & 20k Huguenots killed over 3 days

• Initiated War of Three Henrys & Protestant resistance

Henry of Navarre/IV

• Protestant as King of France; converts to Catholicism, horrifying Huguenots, but ends the war

• Edict of Nantes

Edict of Nantes (1598)

Formed religious settlement that gave Protestants religious freedom (private worship); it was by Henry IV; ended French religious wars

Philip II

Son of Charles V, most powerful man in Europe; makes Castilian peasants most taxed; started Dutch War

Spanish Armada

• Spanish’s failed invasion of England due to England’s swifter navy

• England became global naval power

• Started Spain’s decline

• Distracted Spain, allowing Netherlands’ independence

The Compromise

National Netherland plede to reject decrees of Trent and Inquisition

Duke of Alba

• Put down revolt by Protestant "Beggars," executes heretics & new taxation

• Led "Council of Trouble" ("Council of Blood") army

Lady Jane Grey

Edward VI made plans to make her queen. However, hereditary monarchy too powerful and she is beheaded, Mary I=queen

Mary I (Bloody Mary)

Cery hostile to Protestants; marries Philip of Spain who is also very Catholic; burns hundreds of Protestants at the state (Marian exiles)

Act of Supremacy

(1534) declared that Henry VIII, not pope, is head of Church of England

Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots

Flees to England to cousin Elizabeth I, she gets executed for assassination plots; led to Spanish Armada

Presbyterians

Alternative national church by Protestants; contained semi-autonomous congregations represented by presbyteries (elders)

Ferdinand II

Habsburg Roman Catholic Emperor; devout catholic; tried re-Catholicizing HRE (Bohemia), starting TYW; Edict of Restitution

Treaty of Westphalia

• Ends Thirty Years' War

• Peace of Augsburg & Recognized Calvinism

• Switzerland and the Netherlands were recognized as independent

• Ended Edict of Restitution

• Ended universal Christendom ideal

• HRE weakened

• Guaranteed Germany’s disunity

Battle of Lepanto (1517)

• Spain’s defeat of the Turkish navy off the coast of Greece

• Driven by Philip II’s religious motivations

• Ended the Ottoman threat in the Mediterranean & strengthened Spain

William of Orange

• Politique; threw Cardinal Granvelle out of the Netherlands

• Leader of Dutch independence, laid foundation for Dutch republic

• Denounced Philip II as tyrant

Congregationalists

Extreme Puritans who wanted every congregation to be autonomous; Elizabeth I refused to tolerate them

Thirty-Nine Articles

Official statement of the beliefs of the Church of England; Established modern form of Protestantism; by Thomas Cranmer

Thirty Years' War (1614-48)

• Most deadly of the wars of religion; engulfed all of Europe; killed 1/3 of the German population

• Caused by Peace of Augsburg not recognizing all Protestants (Calvinists)

• Split into 4 parts: Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, Swedish-French

Peace of Augsburg

Princes could choose Catholicism/Lutheranism for state; Calvinism and other Protestant religions not recognized

Edict of Fontainebleau (1540)

Subjected Protestants to the Inquisition

Bourbon Family

Dominated south and west France (Henry IV); Protestant supporters for political reasons (vs. Guise)

Montmorency-Chatillons Family

Dominated center of France; Protestant supporters for political reasons (vs. Guise)

January Edict

Allowed Protestants to worship freely outside towns, but privately in towns; By Catherine De Médicis to combat Guise power

Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye

• Peace treaty ending 3rd French war & giving Huguenots religious freedoms within own territories

• Catherine now feared Protestant power

John Knox

Protestant leader in Scotland; wrote Against the Terrible Regiment of Women against tyrants; challenged Mary Stuart

Peace of Beaulieu (1576)

Gave Huguenots religious freedom; Enacted & then revoked by Henry III

"Day of Barricades"

Henry III tried to expel Catholic League w/ surprise attacks but he failed

Treaty of Vervins (1598)

Ended French (Henry IV) hostilities with Spain (Philip II)

Don John of Austria

Philip II's 1/2 brother; defended Europe from Muslim Turks; military and naval leader of Habsburg Empire

Cardinal Granvelle (Antoine Perrenot)

• Lead council in charge of the Netherlands to unify country w/ church reforms

• Thrown out by William of Orange & Count of Egmont

Louis of Nassau

William of Orange's brother; lead Netherlands revolt due to Philip enforcing Trent, leading to Compromise; called for support from Huguenots & German Lutherans

Spanish Fury

Spanish mercenaries killed 7k ppl in Antwerp; led all Dutch provinces to turn on Spain ("Pacification of Ghent" and then "Union of Brussels")

Perpetual Edict

Signed by Don John after defeat; forced all Spanish troops out of the Netherlands

Union of Arras & Utrecht

• Arras: Southern Dutch provinces made peace with Spain

• Utrecht formed by north

Elizabeth I

Best of all English monarchs; Protestant; unified under 1 religion but allowed private belief; rivaled Mary Queen of Scots

Act of Uniformity

Mandated version 2 of Common Book of Prayer in all churches

John Hawkins & Sir Francis Drake

Elizabeth's "Sea Dogs" that helped destroy the Spanish Armada

Sir Francis Walsingham

Elizabeth's secretary; uncovered assassination plots (Mary of Scots)

Frederick III

Elector Palatine (HRE); first to make Calvinism a national religion in Palatine

Edict of Restitution

Made by Ferdinand II; gave land taken by Lutherans and gave it back to Catholics; height of Catholic power during TYW

Albrecht of Wallenstein

• Protestant convert mercenary who fought for Catholic Ferdinand during Danish Period (TYW)

• Helped crushed many protestant armies

• Ferdinand had him assassinated for political security

Gustavus Adolphus II

• Lutheran King of Sweden

• Led Protestant forces against Ferdinand during Swedish Period (TYW)

• Victory at Breitenfeld which turned the tide TYW to Protestants

Peace of Prague

Protestants (besides France, Netherlands, Sweden) made peace with Ferdinand; refusal to join started 4th part of TYW

Treaty of Pyrenees

Peace between France and Spain after Thirty Years' War; made France dominant power

Escorial

• New royal palace and monastery built near Madrid to honor the martyrdom of St. Lawrence

• Symbolized Philip II’s power & commitment to his Cath crusade

Dutch Revolt (1568-1648)

• War of Netherlands’ independence from Spain

• William of Orange led resistance against policies (Inquisition)

• Formed United Provinces of the Netherlands (Dutch Republic)

War of the Three Henrys (1587-89)

• Civil war over throne btwn Henry III (Valois), Henry of Guise (Catholic), Henry of Navarre (Bourbons)

• Henry of Navarre won & became king as Henry VI

Defenestration of Prague

• Due to HR emperor’s restrictions on Prot in Bohemia

• 2 HRE officials thrown out of a window

• Triggered Bohemian phase of TYW

Cardinal Richelieu

• French who allied w/ Prot forces to defeat Habsburg

• Policies reflected Cath France’s political diplomatic concerns

• Defeated Habsburg during French phase of TYW

Peace of Augsburg (1555)

• Agreement gave German princes right to choose own religion for their state within HRE

• Didn’t recognize other Prot groups (Calvinism), leading to TYW

A Political Interpretation of the Thirty Years’ War - Hajo Holborn

• TYW was struggle btwn estates (princes) & Habsburg monarchy (emperor) that spread to Euro

• Religion used by to rationalize secular actions

A Religious Interpretation of the Thirty Years’ War - Carl J. Friedrich

• Rel & pol closely linked

• HRE’s Peace of Augsburg was a rel settlement

• Ferdinand II pushing counter-reform & push for Bohemian crown motivated by rel

What efforts were made to suppress Protestants in the French Wars of Religion (1562-98) and why?

• Massacred many prots (Vassy, St. Batholowmew’s Day Massacre)

• Catherine de Medicis feared the growing power of Prots & Coligny (threatenign pol stability)

• Calvinism viewed as a heresy

Explain why each of the following were considered politiques: Henry of Navarre (Henry IV of France), Elizabeth I, and William of Orange.

• Henry of Navarre/VI: Converted to Catholicism but tolerant of Protestants

• Elizabeth I: Made Protestant official rel but allowed private belief

• William of Orange: Led Dutch revolt against Spanish for Netherlands’ independence & stability

Why did Elizabeth I have her cousin, Mary, Queen of Scots put to death?

Mary threatened Eliz’s spot on throne via assassination plots

Why did Philip II send the Spanish Armada to fight Elizabeth I in 1588 and what were the results for Spain and for England?

• Motivations: Wanted to revive Catholicism in Eng & fight against Eng piracies

• Spain: Weakened, allowed Netherlands to gain independence

• Eng: Rise of it as world naval power; strengthened Elizabeth

What are the political, economic, and religious issues surrounding the revolt in the Netherlands?

• Pol: Dutch independence from Spanish Habsburg (Philip II) w/ Dutch republic

• Eco: Infation/taxation of peasants

• Rel: Wanted rel freedom/toleration

Briefly discuss the causes and consequences of the Thirty Years’ War (1618-48)?

• Causes: Failure of Peace of Augsburg, Ferdinand II’s conversion of Bohemia to Cath & renouncing Prot

• Consequences: Treaty of Westphalia, Germany further divided, HRE decline

What was the social, political, religious, and economic significance of the United Provinces of Europe? How was it that this small region was able to defend itself against Spain?

• Social: Toleration allowed new ideas to flourish & artists/scientists; Golden Age (Frans Hals)

• Political: Allowed Dutch provinces independence

• Religious: Greater rel tolerance

• Economic: Became a major economic power via trade

• Causes: Orange’s leadership, resistance (opening dikes), Spanish armada distraction

What were the terms of the Treaty of Westphalia (1648) and why is it significant?

• Terms: Reinstated Peace of Augsburg but recognized Calvinism

• Significance: Ended rel wars, ended universal Christendom ideal, guaranteed Germany’s disunity, HRE & Habsburg weakened

Phases of the Thirty Years’ War:

1. Bohemian Period: Sparked by Defenstration of Prague; fought btwn Protestants & Habsburg Ferdinand II; Catholic (Habsburg) victory over Bohemia

2. Danish Period: Starts w/ Lutheran king Christian IV (Denmark) leading Protestant resistant for territory; Wallenstein led Catholic victory & Edict of Restitution

3. Swedish Period: King Gustavus Adolphus II (Sweden) led Protestants; Protestants won, pushing Catholics to Bohemia

4. Swedish-French Period: Battle for political balance of power w/ Cardinal Richelieu (France) & Sweden vs. Habsburg; weakened HRE

James I (England)

• Divine rights of kings/absolutism

• Taxed w/o Parliament, who he only summoned once

• Tried allying w/ Spain despite bad history

• Ignored Puritans, many left

Charles I (England)

• Divine right of kings/absolutism

• Dissolved Parliament twice

• Religious persecution of Puritans and forced religious uniformity in Scotland (Caused civil war due to Parliament’s disdain not consulting them)

• Forced taxation

• Beheaded by own subjects

English Civil War

• Started w/ Charles I; Cavaliers (king) vs. Roundheads (Puritans)

• Post-War: Interregnum (no king) → Commonwealth → Protectorate (Cromwell’s Puritan dictatorship)

Oliver Cromwell

• Puritan military leader of Roundheads

• Led New Model Army’s victory over Cavaliers

• Pride’s Purge: New Model Army removed non-Puritans from parliament (1/5 members left)

• Religiously tolerant

• Led strict dictatorship, banning many recreation (theater)

Witchcraft

• Grew due to conflict; explanation for misfortunes

• Prevalent (Salem); scapegoats were vulnerable women (old, widowed) due to sexism that women were impure & vulnerable to Devil

Iconoclasm

Movement where Protestants destroyed religious icons (imgs)

French Wars of Religion

Causes: Huguenots threat to Catholicism; Huguenots wanted political rights (religious freedom); France divided btwn Guise & Bourbons; Catherine Medicis’ goal of keeping monarchical power

Parties involved: Royals, Medicis, three Henrys

Outcome: Edict of Nantes, Henry IV becoming Catholic, more acceptance of all religion

Religious Wars in Spain

Cause: Philip II (Spain) wanting to impose Catholicism & control over Netherlands

Developments: Catholic & Protestant provinces allied to fight Spain; South made peace treaty w/ Spain; Dutch republic for independence

Outcome: Armada left Spain weakened; Spain bankruptcy due to overusage of funds

Puritans

English Protestants who challenged English monarch & Catholic-influences; wanted purified & reformed church, removal of Catholics, more powerful parliament

Catholic League

Army formed by Maximilian I (duke of Bavaria) to counter Protestant/Evangelical Union by Frederick IV

How did Spain (Philip II) gain power?

• New world bullion

• Increased population

• Loyal efficient bureaucracy

• Gained the Mediterranean

Pacification of Ghent (Netherlands)

Southern Catholic provinces unified w/ Northern Protestant provinces against Spain; due to Spanish Fury

How did the religious wars result in the decline of the Spanish Empire?

Lost Netherlands (source of $), expensive warfare ($ & reosurces), failure of Armada drained resources & prestige