Kachru

when was the model made?

1992

what is the model called?

the concentric circles approach

norm-providing countries

Britain, America, Canada, South Africa, Australasia

outer circle countries

India and Singapore

norm-developing countries commonality

english has historically been used for official purposes

expanding circle countries

China and Russia

why do norm-dependent countries use English?

for instrumental reasons such as to do business

criticism

not all languages fit within one category

Hong Kong

English is and has been used for official purposes. However, Hong Kong can also be categorised as norm-dependent

Kachru’s improvements

he has adapted to make the model have overlapping rings