bible final

Religious pluralism claims about all religions that

All religions are equally valid and true regardless of the diffrent teachings

According to John Hick, how do different religions relate to ultimate reality?

Diffrent religions represent diffrent cullturality conditioned repossess to the same ultimate divine

What does the parable of the six blind men and the elephant attempt to illustrate?

Promote pluralism saying all religions group only part of the truth

What is the primary motivation behind religious pluralism?

For peace and harmony amoung all people of diffrent faiths

How does pluralism aim to reduce conflict among different faiths?

Promoting the idea that all religions are equal paths to the truth

Why is religious pluralism considered logically flawed?

Because it asks us to belive that contradictory religiousness claims are all true

Which foundational principle does pluralism violate by claiming all religious truths are equal?

Non contradiction

How do Christianity and Islam differ in their teachings about Jesus

Christianity says Jesus is the son of god and was crucified dying for the sins of the world Islam says Jesus was a phrofet and didn’t die or raise from the dead

11. Why can’t all beliefs about God be true at the same time?

It created contradictions as opposing beliefs can’t both be right

3. Why does pluralism create an artificial sense of peace?

Because it reduces all truth claims to mere perspectives does not give genuine peace

How does pluralism undermine the pursuit of truth according to Christian critique

It undermites the ressuraction of Christ

Why does religious pluralism ultimately fail despite promoting tolerance

It denies true contratics its self and confuses tolerance with agreement

What question ultimately matters when evaluating exclusive truth claims?

“Is it true?

When people make exclusive truth claims (like “this is the only way” or “this belief is the only correct one”), the main thing to ask is whether the claim actually matches reality.

What is the error in the objection “There are too many worldviews; one can’t be true”?

Fallacy of irrelevance, the number of beliefs stays nothing about whether the truth exists

7. What does the counterfeit-currency analogy illistrate

Counterfeit currecncy only exits because real currency exists like how many world views may offer partial truths or elf actions of reality but only one can fully correspond to ultimate truth

What is wrong with the objection “Worldview truth is too complex to know

Hard dosent equal impossible complex art never implies unknowability otherwise physics math and medication would collapse

What fallacy is used when someone says, “I can’t imagine it, therefore it can’t be true”

incredulity

What is the flaw in the objection “Since not all religions can be true, maybe all are false”?

It’s self contradictory because when someone claims its true they are implying that nothing is real since truth corresponds to reality

Why is the statement “No one can know the truth” self-contradictory

To say none knows truth is to claim that you know a truth about truth

How does Christianity claim truth is knowable

Because god reveals it

According to the notes, why is God not “hiding”?

Because he can be found by anyone who seeks

Why is philosophical pluralism logically unsound?

Because if all truth claims are true, then truth claims that say pluralism is false would also have to be true.

1. Why is the question of God's existence considered central to worldviews?

When it comes to world views the topic of god is not jsut one amoung the many but is instead the central issue

What does William lane say if god dosent exist

Life is absurd

1. What are the deep existential needs built into human nature?

Without god meaning, purpose, moral value, identity, justice, and hopes are temporal

According to Augustine, why are human hearts restless?

They are restless until they rest in the lord

How does C.S. Lewis explain human desire that no worldly experience can satisfy?

that she was made for another world

What is the existential consequence of atheism according to the notes?

Intimate existential despair

1. What happens to morality if there is no God?

Truth has no anchor everything reduces to personal reality

1. How is meaning described in human life?

A story big enough for your life to fit into

1. How is purpose defined in the notes?

Purpos awnsers “why I’m here”

1. What is the human condition without God according to the notes?

Human dignity collapses inter mere biology and power dynamics

1. How does God uniquely anchor human purpose?

you are made in god image

You are loved by god

You are designed for relationship and glory

1. What is the ultimate God-given purpose of humans?

Know him, love him, and reflect his character.

1. What fundamental question does justice answer?

“Will evil ever be dealt with” EVRY human heart longs for a world where wrongs are made right evil is punished and righteousness and goodness finally triumphs

1. According to the notes, what is missing in an atheistic universe regarding justice?

Justice becomes a wish instead of a certainty

1. What illustration describes the moral landscape of atheism?

It’s a blank page that is the outlook of a world without god

1. Why is God's justice certain according to Scripture?

By his character christtianity uniquely holds justice and mercy together

1. What does the "wrecked car" illustration emphasize?

Either you pay or somone pays on your behalf justice can’t be ignored. The cross is where god himself pays the cost satisfying justice while extending mercy

What does Camus' "Myth of Sisyphus" illustrate?

Camus compared life to pushing a boulder endlessly up a hill a struggle without resolution and therefore without hope

1. What does the illustration of "The Blank Page" represent?

Life without god

1. Why is Christianity called a "singing worldview"?

It offers concrete, historical, eternal hope not wishful thinking but a living promise

1. How does Christianity hold justice and mercy together?

Shows how both can be satisfied without compromising either

1. What anchors Christian hope in reality?

In a real event: the ressuraction of Jesus Christ

1. What does Christianity offer that atheism cannot supply?

No lasting meaning

No objective purpose

No final justice

No enduring hope

1. What fundamental question does the KCA seek to address

Does the universe have a cause

1. What is the first premise of the Kalam Cosmological Argument?

What ever begins to exist has a cause



1. What is the second premise of the KCA

The universe began to exist

1. What is the conclusion of the Kalam Cosmological Argument?

The universe has a cause

1. How does the KCA illustrate that things don't pop into existence?

In everyday life nothing happends without a cause if thing could pop into existence from nothing, anything could appear at any time

1. How does the KCA respond to quantum particles appearing spontaneously?

They dont appear from nothing they come from quantum fields okay obey physical laws so they have a cause

1. Which philosophical argument supports the universe having a beginning?

Arguments against an actual infinite past, especially using Hilbert’s Hotel, support that the past cannot be infinite and must have had a beginning.

1. What does the Hilbert Hotel analogy illustrate?

It shows that an actual infinite number of things leads to contradictions, so an infinite past is impossible.

1. What characteristics does the KCA assign to the cause of the universe?

The cause must be:

• Timeless

• Spaceless

• Immaterial

• Powerful

• Personal (able to choose to create)

1. How does the KCA respond to the objection "What caused God?"

Only things that begin to exist need a cause.

God is described as eternal, so He did not begin, and therefore does not need a cause.

1. Why can't "nothing" produce something according to the KCA?

Because “nothing” is not anything—no space, no matter, no energy, no laws.

Nothing can’t do anything, including causing a universe.

1. Why does the multiverse not eliminate the need for a cause?

Even if a multiverse exists, the multiverse itself would need a cause.

You can’t escape needing an ultimate cause by adding more universes.

1. What is another name for the Moral Argument?

The argument from morality

1. According to Romans 2:14-15, how do even gentiles demonstrate God's law?

By showing the law is written on their hearts—their conscience guides them even without Scripture.

1. What does the Moral Argument assert about mankind?

That humans have a real sense of right and wrong.

1. What does moral value concern?

What is good or bad.

1. What does moral duty concern?

What we should or should not do (our obligations).

1. What does objective morality exist independently of?

Human opinions or feelings.

1. What does subjective morality depend on?

Personal or cultural opinions.

According to Premise 1, what is mankind aware of as a group?

A universal moral law (basic right and wrong).

1. How are moral obligations known according to the argument?

Through conscience and moral reasoning.

1. What is true about differences in moral perspective among groups?

Differences exist, but basic moral principles stay the same everywhere.

1. What does Premise 2 say about the origin of moral obligation?

Moral obligation must come from a moral lawgiver.

1. If there is a universal, objective moral law, what must also exist?

A universal, objective moral lawgiver (God).

1. What happens if there is no ultimate source of morality?

Morality becomes subjective, and nothing is truly right or wrong.

Which objection claims that morality is a product of evolution?

The Evolutionary Objection.

What is the conclusion of the Moral Argument?

Therefore, God exists as the source of objective morality.

According to Leibniz, what is the “first question which should rightly be asked”?

Why is there something rather than nothing?”

What is the first premise of Leibniz’s Contingency Argument?

Everything that exists has an explanation, either in the necessity of its nature or in an external cause.

How does Leibniz distinguish between necessary and contingent beings?

• Necessary beings cannot NOT exist.

• Contingent beings could fail to exist and need a cause.

Which of the following is an example of something that exists necessarily?

God (or abstract numbers—but they can’t cause anything)

Why does the universe require an explanation according to the argument?

Because the universe is contingent—it could have not existed.

What is the nature of the explanation for the universe if it exists?

It must be a necessary, non-physical, eternal being.

Why can’t abstract objects like numbers explain the universe’s existence?

They are causally powerless—they can’t cause anything

What does the second premise of the Contingency Argument assert?

The explanation of the universe cannot be within the universe itself—it must be outside it

What is the logical conclusion of Leibniz’s argument given the premises?

The universe’s explanation is a necessary being—God

10. How does the argument respond to the objection “the universe just is”

That gives no explanation, and it ignores the principle of sufficient reason.

According to the summary, what type of being is the only adequate explanation for the universe?

A necessary, eternal, immaterial, powerful being (God)

What is the significance of contingency in the argument

It shows the universe depends on something else for its existence.

Why is God posited as the cause rather than another contingent thing

Because another contingent thing would still need its own cause.