AP Biology Unit 2

organelles

membrane-enclosed structures within a eukaryotic cell

eukaryotic cell

Cell with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

prokaryotic cell

Cell with no nucleus nor membrane bound organelles

nucleoid region

a non-membrane-enclosed region of the cell where prokaryotic DNA is found

cytoplasm

the region in a cell between the cell membrane and nucleus; it contains the cell structures and oganelles

plasma membrane

The selective barrier that surrounds a cell; it controls what enters and leaves the cell

nucleus

chromosome-containing part of a eukaryotic cell

nuclear envelope

encloses the nucleus to separate its contents from the cytoplasm

nucleolus

located in the nucleus, makes, synthesizes, and partially assembles ribosomes

ribosomes

made of ribosomal RNA and protein, synthesize proteins

endomembrane system

organelles that are involved in the production of proteins: includes the nucleus, ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and the cell membrane.

smooth ER

synthesize lipids, detoxifies the cell, and regulates calcium levels; portion of the endoplasmic reticulum free of ribosomes,

rough ER

organelle studded with ribosomes; produces and transports membrane and secretory proteins; partially attached to the nuclear envelope

glycoproteins

proteins with covalently-bonded carbohydrates that play a role in cell to cell interaction

transport vesicles

vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another

Golgi apparatus

stack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum

lysosome

membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes, which the cell uses to digest unwanted materials

phagocytosis

the process by which a cell engulfs a solid particle

central vacuole

the largest organelle in a plant cell. It is surrounded by the tonoplast and functions to hold materials and wastes. It also functions to maintain the proper pressure within plant cells

mitochondria

chemically convert chemical (food) energy into usable ATP energy through cellular respiration

chloroplasts

an organelle in plant cells that contain chlorophyll which help absorb solar energy in order to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars during photosynthesis

cytoskeleton

a network of fibers bracing the cytoplasm

centrioles

cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division

flagella

a long tail-like structure that aids in cell movement

cilia

a short hair-like structures that enable movement of cells or movement of materials outside a cell, utilizes a back-and-forth motion

cell wall

extracellular structure specific to plant, bacterial, and fungal cells. protects the cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive water uptake

cellulose

the polysaccharide in plant cell walls

archae

the domain of life composed of prokaryotic extremophiles

eukarya

Domain of all organisms made up of eukaryotic cells

isotonic solution

A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell which resides in the solution

hypertonic solution

A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution

hypotonic solution

A solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than that of the cell that resides in the solution

passive transport

Requires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low concentration, Moves with the concentration gradient

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

facilitated diffusion

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels or carrier proteins

integral proteins

proteins that penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer

peripheral proteins

The proteins of a membrane that are not embedded in the lipid bilayer; they are appendages loosely bound to the surface of the membrane.

active transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

sodium-potassium pump

a carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell

fluid mosaic model

model that describes the arrangement and movement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane

concentration gradient

difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another

water potential

The physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow, governed by solute concentration and applied pressure; mostly used for plant cells

Prokaryote

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Eukaryote

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

organelle compartmentalization

the ability of eukaryotic cells to have specialized functions because they have separated compartments

The __________ is the selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cell, controlling what enters and leaves.

plasma membrane

In eukaryotic cells, the __________ contains the cell's genetic material and is surrounded by the nuclear envelope.

nucleus

The __________ is a network of protein fibers that provides structural support and shape to the cell.

cytoskeleton

__________ are organelles responsible for synthesizing proteins from amino acids.

ribosomes

The __________ is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

Golgi apparatus

In plants, the __________ serves to store nutrients and maintain turgor pressure within the cell.

central vacuole

The __________ is a double-membrane organelle where cellular respiration takes place, generating ATP from glucose.

mitochondria

Chloroplasts contain __________, the pigment necessary for photosynthesis to occur.

chlorophyll

The __________ is the region within a prokaryotic cell where its DNA is located, not enclosed by a membrane.

nucleoid region

The __________ is the process by which cells engulf solid particles to form an internal compartment called a phagosome.

phagocytosis

The __________ is the balance of water and solutes in a cell and its environment.

osmoregulation

A __________ solution has a higher concentration of solutes than the cell, causing it to lose water.

hypertonic

In a __________ solution, the concentration of solutes is lower than that of the cell, leading to water entering the cell.

hypotonic

An __________ solution has an equal concentration of solutes compared to the cell, resulting in no net movement of water.

isotonic

Cells in a hypertonic environment undergo __________, where they shrink and lose turgor pressure.

plasmolysis

The primary function of the __________ in cells is to regulate the osmotic balance and maintain homeostasis.

plasma membrane

In plant cells, the __________ provides structural support and helps maintain turgor pressure in hypotonic conditions.

central vacuole

Aquaporins are __________ that facilitate the movement of water across the cell membrane.

channel proteins

The process of __________ involves the movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a selectively permeable membrane.

osmosis

Cells use active transport to move solutes __________ their concentration gradient, which requires energy.

against