AP Biology Unit 2

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organelles

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66 Terms

1

organelles

membrane-enclosed structures within a eukaryotic cell

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2

eukaryotic cell

Cell with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

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3

prokaryotic cell

Cell with no nucleus nor membrane bound organelles

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4

nucleoid region

a non-membrane-enclosed region of the cell where prokaryotic DNA is found

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5

cytoplasm

the region in a cell between the cell membrane and nucleus; it contains the cell structures and oganelles

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6

plasma membrane

The selective barrier that surrounds a cell; it controls what enters and leaves the cell

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7

nucleus

chromosome-containing part of a eukaryotic cell

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8

nuclear envelope

encloses the nucleus to separate its contents from the cytoplasm

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9

nucleolus

located in the nucleus, makes, synthesizes, and partially assembles ribosomes

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10

ribosomes

made of ribosomal RNA and protein, synthesize proteins

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11

endomembrane system

organelles that are involved in the production of proteins: includes the nucleus, ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and the cell membrane.

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12

smooth ER

synthesize lipids, detoxifies the cell, and regulates calcium levels; portion of the endoplasmic reticulum free of ribosomes,

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13

rough ER

organelle studded with ribosomes; produces and transports membrane and secretory proteins; partially attached to the nuclear envelope

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14

glycoproteins

proteins with covalently-bonded carbohydrates that play a role in cell to cell interaction

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15

transport vesicles

vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another

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16

Golgi apparatus

stack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum

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17

lysosome

membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes, which the cell uses to digest unwanted materials

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18

phagocytosis

the process by which a cell engulfs a solid particle

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19

central vacuole

the largest organelle in a plant cell. It is surrounded by the tonoplast and functions to hold materials and wastes. It also functions to maintain the proper pressure within plant cells

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20

mitochondria

chemically convert chemical (food) energy into usable ATP energy through cellular respiration

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21

chloroplasts

an organelle in plant cells that contain chlorophyll which help absorb solar energy in order to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars during photosynthesis

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22

cytoskeleton

a network of fibers bracing the cytoplasm

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23

centrioles

cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division

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24

flagella

a long tail-like structure that aids in cell movement

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25

cilia

a short hair-like structures that enable movement of cells or movement of materials outside a cell, utilizes a back-and-forth motion

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26

cell wall

extracellular structure specific to plant, bacterial, and fungal cells. protects the cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive water uptake

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27

cellulose

the polysaccharide in plant cell walls

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28

archae

the domain of life composed of prokaryotic extremophiles

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29

eukarya

Domain of all organisms made up of eukaryotic cells

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30

isotonic solution

A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell which resides in the solution

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31

hypertonic solution

A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution

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32

hypotonic solution

A solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than that of the cell that resides in the solution

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33

passive transport

Requires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low concentration, Moves with the concentration gradient

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34

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

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35

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

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36

facilitated diffusion

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels or carrier proteins

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37

integral proteins

proteins that penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer

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38

peripheral proteins

The proteins of a membrane that are not embedded in the lipid bilayer; they are appendages loosely bound to the surface of the membrane.

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39

active transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

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40

sodium-potassium pump

a carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell

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41

fluid mosaic model

model that describes the arrangement and movement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane

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42

concentration gradient

difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another

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43

water potential

The physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow, governed by solute concentration and applied pressure; mostly used for plant cells

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44

Prokaryote

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

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45

Eukaryote

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

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46

organelle compartmentalization

the ability of eukaryotic cells to have specialized functions because they have separated compartments

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47

The __________ is the selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cell, controlling what enters and leaves.

plasma membrane

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48

In eukaryotic cells, the __________ contains the cell's genetic material and is surrounded by the nuclear envelope.

nucleus

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49

The __________ is a network of protein fibers that provides structural support and shape to the cell.

cytoskeleton

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50

__________ are organelles responsible for synthesizing proteins from amino acids.

ribosomes

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51

The __________ is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

Golgi apparatus

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52

In plants, the __________ serves to store nutrients and maintain turgor pressure within the cell.

central vacuole

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53

The __________ is a double-membrane organelle where cellular respiration takes place, generating ATP from glucose.

mitochondria

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54

Chloroplasts contain __________, the pigment necessary for photosynthesis to occur.

chlorophyll

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55

The __________ is the region within a prokaryotic cell where its DNA is located, not enclosed by a membrane.

nucleoid region

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56

The __________ is the process by which cells engulf solid particles to form an internal compartment called a phagosome.

phagocytosis

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57

The __________ is the balance of water and solutes in a cell and its environment.

osmoregulation

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58

A __________ solution has a higher concentration of solutes than the cell, causing it to lose water.

hypertonic

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59

In a __________ solution, the concentration of solutes is lower than that of the cell, leading to water entering the cell.

hypotonic

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60

An __________ solution has an equal concentration of solutes compared to the cell, resulting in no net movement of water.

isotonic

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61

Cells in a hypertonic environment undergo __________, where they shrink and lose turgor pressure.

plasmolysis

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62

The primary function of the __________ in cells is to regulate the osmotic balance and maintain homeostasis.

plasma membrane

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63

In plant cells, the __________ provides structural support and helps maintain turgor pressure in hypotonic conditions.

central vacuole

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64

Aquaporins are __________ that facilitate the movement of water across the cell membrane.

channel proteins

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65

The process of __________ involves the movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a selectively permeable membrane.

osmosis

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66

Cells use active transport to move solutes __________ their concentration gradient, which requires energy.

against

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