organelles
membrane-enclosed structures within a eukaryotic cell
eukaryotic cell
Cell with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
prokaryotic cell
Cell with no nucleus nor membrane bound organelles
nucleoid region
a non-membrane-enclosed region of the cell where prokaryotic DNA is found
cytoplasm
the region in a cell between the cell membrane and nucleus; it contains the cell structures and oganelles
plasma membrane
The selective barrier that surrounds a cell; it controls what enters and leaves the cell
nucleus
chromosome-containing part of a eukaryotic cell
nuclear envelope
encloses the nucleus to separate its contents from the cytoplasm
nucleolus
located in the nucleus, makes, synthesizes, and partially assembles ribosomes
ribosomes
made of ribosomal RNA and protein, synthesize proteins
endomembrane system
organelles that are involved in the production of proteins: includes the nucleus, ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and the cell membrane.
smooth ER
synthesize lipids, detoxifies the cell, and regulates calcium levels; portion of the endoplasmic reticulum free of ribosomes,
rough ER
organelle studded with ribosomes; produces and transports membrane and secretory proteins; partially attached to the nuclear envelope
glycoproteins
proteins with covalently-bonded carbohydrates that play a role in cell to cell interaction
transport vesicles
vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another
Golgi apparatus
stack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum
lysosome
membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes, which the cell uses to digest unwanted materials
phagocytosis
the process by which a cell engulfs a solid particle
central vacuole
the largest organelle in a plant cell. It is surrounded by the tonoplast and functions to hold materials and wastes. It also functions to maintain the proper pressure within plant cells
mitochondria
chemically convert chemical (food) energy into usable ATP energy through cellular respiration
chloroplasts
an organelle in plant cells that contain chlorophyll which help absorb solar energy in order to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars during photosynthesis
cytoskeleton
a network of fibers bracing the cytoplasm
centrioles
cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division
flagella
a long tail-like structure that aids in cell movement
cilia
a short hair-like structures that enable movement of cells or movement of materials outside a cell, utilizes a back-and-forth motion
cell wall
extracellular structure specific to plant, bacterial, and fungal cells. protects the cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive water uptake
cellulose
the polysaccharide in plant cell walls
archae
the domain of life composed of prokaryotic extremophiles
eukarya
Domain of all organisms made up of eukaryotic cells
isotonic solution
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell which resides in the solution
hypertonic solution
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution
hypotonic solution
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than that of the cell that resides in the solution
passive transport
Requires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low concentration, Moves with the concentration gradient
Diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
facilitated diffusion
Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels or carrier proteins
integral proteins
proteins that penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer
peripheral proteins
The proteins of a membrane that are not embedded in the lipid bilayer; they are appendages loosely bound to the surface of the membrane.
active transport
Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference
sodium-potassium pump
a carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell
fluid mosaic model
model that describes the arrangement and movement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane
concentration gradient
difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another
water potential
The physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow, governed by solute concentration and applied pressure; mostly used for plant cells
Prokaryote
A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Eukaryote
A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
organelle compartmentalization
the ability of eukaryotic cells to have specialized functions because they have separated compartments
The __________ is the selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cell, controlling what enters and leaves.
plasma membrane
In eukaryotic cells, the __________ contains the cell's genetic material and is surrounded by the nuclear envelope.
nucleus
The __________ is a network of protein fibers that provides structural support and shape to the cell.
cytoskeleton
__________ are organelles responsible for synthesizing proteins from amino acids.
ribosomes
The __________ is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for secretion or delivery to other organelles.
Golgi apparatus
In plants, the __________ serves to store nutrients and maintain turgor pressure within the cell.
central vacuole
The __________ is a double-membrane organelle where cellular respiration takes place, generating ATP from glucose.
mitochondria
Chloroplasts contain __________, the pigment necessary for photosynthesis to occur.
chlorophyll
The __________ is the region within a prokaryotic cell where its DNA is located, not enclosed by a membrane.
nucleoid region
The __________ is the process by which cells engulf solid particles to form an internal compartment called a phagosome.
phagocytosis
The __________ is the balance of water and solutes in a cell and its environment.
osmoregulation
A __________ solution has a higher concentration of solutes than the cell, causing it to lose water.
hypertonic
In a __________ solution, the concentration of solutes is lower than that of the cell, leading to water entering the cell.
hypotonic
An __________ solution has an equal concentration of solutes compared to the cell, resulting in no net movement of water.
isotonic
Cells in a hypertonic environment undergo __________, where they shrink and lose turgor pressure.
plasmolysis
The primary function of the __________ in cells is to regulate the osmotic balance and maintain homeostasis.
plasma membrane
In plant cells, the __________ provides structural support and helps maintain turgor pressure in hypotonic conditions.
central vacuole
Aquaporins are __________ that facilitate the movement of water across the cell membrane.
channel proteins
The process of __________ involves the movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a selectively permeable membrane.
osmosis
Cells use active transport to move solutes __________ their concentration gradient, which requires energy.
against