Motivation And Emotion

extrinsic motivation

Motivation that arises from external factors or rewards.

intrinsic motivation

Motivation based on internal feelings rather than external rewards.

motivation

Wants or needs that direct behavior toward some goal.

drive theory

Deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs that result in psychological drive states that direct behavior to meet the need.

habit

Pattern of behavior in which we regularly engage.

instinct

Species-specific pattern of behavior that is unlearned.

self-efficacy

Individual's belief in his own capabilities or capacities to complete a task.

Yerkes-Dodson law

Simple tasks are best performed at relatively high arousal levels, while complex tasks perform better at lower arousal.

hierarchy of needs

Spectrum of needs ranging from basic biological needs to social needs to self-actualization.

Affiliation

Refers to maintaining positive relationships with others.

leptin

Satiety hormone.

metabolic rate

Amount of energy that is expended in a given period of time.

obese

Adult with a BMI of 30 or higher.

overweight

Adult with a BMI between 25 and 29.9.

satiation

Fullness; satisfaction.

set point theory

Assertion that each individual has an ideal body weight, or set point, that resists change.

anorexia nervosa

Eating disorder characterized by maintaining body weight that is well below average through starvation and/or excessive exercise.

binge eating disorder

Type of eating disorder characterized by binge eating and associated distress.

bulimia nervosa

Type of eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging.

distorted body image

Individuals view themselves as overweight even though they are not.

excitement

Phase of the sexual response cycle that involves sexual arousal.

heterosexual

Emotional and erotic attractions to individuals of another sex.

homosexual

Emotional and erotic attractions to same-sexed individuals.

orgasm

Peak phase of the sexual response cycle associated with rhythmic muscle contractions (and ejaculation).

plateau

Phase of the sexual response cycle that falls between excitement and orgasm.

refractory period

Time immediately following an orgasm during which an individual is incapable of experiencing another orgasm.

resolution

Phase of the sexual response cycle following orgasm during which the body returns to its unaroused state.

bisexual

Emotional and erotic attractions to both same-sexed individuals and individuals of another sex.

cisgender

An umbrella term used to describe people whose sense of personal identity and gender corresponds with their sex assigned at birth.

gender dysphoria

Diagnostic category in DSM-5 for individuals who do not identify as the gender associated with their sex assigned at birth.

gender identity

An individual’s sense of being male, female, or another gender.

sexual orientation

Emotional and erotic attraction to same-sexed individuals, individuals of another sex, or both.

transgender

A term used to describe people whose sense of personal identity does not correspond with their birth sex.

gender-affirming hormone therapy

Use of hormones to make one’s body look more like another sex.

transsexual

Transgender individuals who attempt to alter their bodies through medical interventions such as surgery and hormonal therapy.

body language

Emotional expression through body position or movement.

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously.

cognitive-mediational theory

Our emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus.

components of emotion

Physiological arousal, psychological appraisal, and subjective experience.

emotion

Subjective state of being often described as feelings.

facial feedback hypothesis

Facial expressions are capable of influencing our emotions.

James-Lange theory of emotion

Emotions arise from physiological arousal.

polygraph

Lie detector test that measures physiological arousal of individuals as they answer a series of questions.

Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion

Emotions consist of two factors: physiological and cognitive.

basolateral complex

Part of the brain that is critical for classical conditioning and attaching emotional value to memory.

central nucleus

Part of the brain involved in attention that helps regulate autonomic nervous and endocrine systems’ activity.

cultural display rule

Culturally specific standards that govern the types and frequencies of emotions that are acceptable.