Motivation And Emotion

extrinsic motivation: motivation that arises from external factors or rewards

intrinsic motivation: motivation based on internal feelings rather than external rewards

motivation: wants or needs that direct behavior toward some goal

drive theory: deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs that result in psychological drive states that direct behavior to meet the need and ultimately bring the system back to homeostasis

habit: pattern of behavior in which we regularly engage

instinct: species-specific pattern of behavior that is unlearned

motivation: wants or needs that direct behavior toward some goal

self-efficacy: individual’s belief in his own capabilities or capacities to complete a task

Yerkes-Dodson law: simple tasks are performed best when arousal levels are relatively high, while complex tasks are best performed when arousal is lower

hierarchy of needs: spectrum of needs ranging from basic biological needs to social needs to self-actualization

motivation: wants or needs that direct behavior toward some goal

self-efficacy: individual’s belief in his own capabilities or capacities to complete a task

Affiliation: Refers to maintaining positive relationships with others.

leptin: satiety hormone

metabolic rate: amount of energy that is expended in a given period of time

obese: adult with a BMI of 30 or higher

overweight: adult with a BMI between 25 and 29.9

satiation: fullness; satisfaction

set point theory: assertion that each individual has an ideal body weight, or set point, that is resistant to change

anorexia nervosa: eating disorder characterized by an individual maintaining body weight that is well below average through starvation and/or excessive exercise

binge eating disorder: type of eating disorder characterized by binge eating and associated distress

bulimia nervosa: type of eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging

distorted body image: individuals view themselves as overweight even though they are not

excitement: phase of the sexual response cycle that involves sexual arousal

heterosexual: emotional and erotic attractions to individuals of another sex

homosexual: emotional and erotic attractions to same-sexed individuals

orgasm: peak phase of the sexual response cycle associated with rhythmic muscle contractions (and ejaculation)

plateau: phase of the sexual response cycle that falls between excitement and orgasm

refractory period: time immediately following an orgasm during which an individual is incapable of experiencing another orgasm

resolution: phase of the sexual response cycle following orgasm during which the body returns to its unaroused state

bisexual: emotional and erotic attractions to both same-sexed individuals and individuals of another sex

cisgender: an umbrella term used to describe people whose sense of personal identity and gender corresponds with their sex assigned at birth

gender dysphoria: diagnostic category in DSM-5 for individuals who do not identify as the gender associated with their sex assigned at birth

gender identity: an individual’s sense of being male, female, or another gender

heterosexual: emotional and erotic attractions to individuals of another sex

homosexual: emotional and erotic attractions to same-sexed individuals

sexual orientation: emotional and erotic attraction to same-sexed individuals, individuals of another sex, or both

transgender: a term used to describe people whose sense of personal identity does not correspond with their birth sex

gender-affirming hormone therapy: use of hormones to make one’s body look more like another sex

transsexual: transgender individuals who attempt to alter their bodies through medical interventions such as surgery and hormonal therapy

body language: emotional expression through body position or movement

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion: physiological arousal and emotional experience occur at the same time

cognitive-mediational theory: our emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus

components of emotion: physiological arousal, psychological appraisal, and subjective experience

emotion: subjective state of being often described as feelings

facial feedback hypothesis: facial expressions are capable of influencing our emotions

James-Lange theory of emotion: emotions arise from physiological arousal

polygraph: lie detector test that measures physiological arousal of individuals as they answer a series of questions

Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion: emotions consist of two factors: physiological and cognitive

basolateral complex: part of the brain with dense connections with a variety of sensory areas of the brain; it is critical for classical conditioning and attaching emotional value to memory

central nucleus: part of the brain involved in attention and has connections with the hypothalamus and various brainstem areas to regulate the autonomic nervous and endocrine systems’ activity

emotion: subjective state of being often described as feelings

cultural display rule: one of the culturally specific standards that govern the types and frequencies of emotions that are acceptable

emotion: subjective state of being often described as feelings

facial feedback hypothesis: facial expressions are capable of influencing our emotions