AP BIO UNIT 1 REVIEW

Vocabulary flashcards generated from the lecture transcript covering biological macromolecules, protein structure, nucleic acids, and properties of water.

Carbohydrates (Elements & Monomer/Polymer)

Composed of C, H, O elements; its monomer is Gluclose and Polymer is Startch.

Carbohydrates (Function)

Provides energy and structure.

Lipids (Elements & Monomer/Polymer)

Composed of C, H, O elements; monomer is Fatty Acid and Polymer is Steroids.

Lipids (Properties & Function)

Nonpolar and insoluble in water; functions in long-term energy, structure, and protection/insulation.

Proteins (Elements & Monomer/Polymer)

Composed of C, H, O, S, N elements; Monomer is Amino acids and Polymer is Polypeptide.

Proteins (Function)

Functions as enzymes, structure, transport, and protection.

Nucleic Acids (Elements & Monomer/Polymer)

Composed of C, H, O, N, P elements; monomer is Nucleotide and polymer is Polynucleotide.

Nucleic Acids (Function)

Stores and transmits genetic information.

Glycosidic Linkages

Linkages found in Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids, and Glycoproteins/Glycolipids (disaccharides, polysaccharides).

Peptide Bond

Bond located in the backbone of a protein, created by a dehydration synthesis reaction.

Cellulose

A polysaccharide that provides structural strength and support to plants.

Starch

A polysaccharide that provides energy storage and a nutritional source for plants, animals, and humans.

Glycogen

A polysaccharide that stores extra glucose in your body for quick energy use.

Chitin

A polysaccharide that provides structural support, protection, and shape to various organisms in nature.

Triglycerides

The classification assigned to oils and fats.

Dehydration Synthesis

A reaction that joins monomers and polymers by taking away water.

Hydrolysis Reaction

A reaction that breaks monomers and polymers by adding water.

Phospholipids Location

Found in the cell membrane in the phospholipid bilayer.

Saturated Fats

Fats with single bonds, chained in one line, and solid at room temperature because their single-line shape makes them more compact.

Unsaturated Fats

Fats with double bonds, a bent structure, and liquid at room temperature.

DNA

Double-stranded nucleic acid containing deoxyribose sugar and bases A, T, G, C.

RNA

Single-stranded nucleic acid containing ribose sugar and bases A, C, U, G.

Nucleotide Components

Three components consisting of a nitrogenous base, sugar, and phosphate group.

Purines

Nitrogenous bases listed as ATGC, which will always bind with pyrimidines.

Pyrimidines

Nitrogenous bases listed as ACUG.

Amino Acid Side Chain

The part of the amino acid that gives each one its unique identity.

Embedded Membrane Protein Side Chains

Hydrophobic side chains expected on amino acids of a protein embedded or inserted in the cell membrane.

Primary Structure (Protein)

Linear sequence of amino acids formed by carboxyl interactions or bonds.

Secondary Structure (Protein)

Folding pattern of a protein chain formed by carbonyl interactions or bonds.

Tertiary Structure (Protein)

Overall 3D shape of a protein formed by non-polar side chains interactions or bonds.

Quaternary Structure (Protein)

Two or more proteins combined in a linear structure, held together by hydrophobic and ionic bonds.

Denaturation

Process where a protein unravels and loses its 3D structure; permanent change depends on the environment it is in.

Polar Covalent Bonds

Bonds formed within water molecules when hydrogens bond to oxygen.

Hydrogen Bonds

Bonds formed between multiple water molecules; responsible for cohesion, surface tension, and adhesion.

Cohesion

Attraction between two molecules of the same substance.

Adhesion

Attraction between two different molecules.

High Specific Heat Capacity of Water

The property of water responsible for causing coastal regions to be cooler than regions further inland.

High Heat of Vaporization of Water

The property of water responsible for cooling the body when sweating.