midterm study guide freshman (copy)

smallest unit of life

cell

anything that causes you to react

stimulus

a state of balance among all the body systems needed for the body to survive and function together

homeostasis

the chemical changes that takes place in a cell or an organism

metabolism

the production of offspring

repreoduction

one parent copies itself to form a genetically identical offspring

asexual reproduction

an organism combines the genetic information from each of its parents and is genetically unique

sexual reproduction

the change in the characteristics of a species over time and relies on the process of natural selection

evolution

one cell

unicellular

multiple cells

multicellular

reproduction, organization, adaption, growth and development, DNA, energy, homeostasis, evolution

characteristics of life

building glucose from carbon dioxide

example of metabolism

non living things

abiotic

living things

biotic

all life on earth

biosphere

all the living and nonliving things that interact in an area

ecosystem

different populations that live together in a defined area

community

a group of organisms of the same species populating a given area

population

any living thing

organism

taxonomic group whose members interbreed

species

organisms that can make their own food

producers

an organism that cannot produce its own food and must eat other plants and/or animals to get energy

consumers

eats plants

herbivores

eats animals

carnovers

eats both

omnivers

**organisms that break down wastes and dead organisms and return raw materials to the environment**

decomposers

one species benefits, the other is harmed

parasitism

one species benefits, the other doesn’t but isn’t harmed

commensalism

both species benifit

mutualism

non-renewable energy sources

fossil fuels

10 percent of the energy stored as biomass in a trophic level is passed from one level to the next

10% rule

birth

natality

interaction in which two or more species use the same limited resource

competition

death

mortality

leaving one's own country to settle permanently in another; moving abroad

emigration

the action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country

immigration

species that enter new ecosystems and multiply, harming native species and their habitats

invasive species

the chemical processes by which atmospheric nitrogen is assimilated into organic compounds

nitrogen fixing

hunts for food

predator

caught for food

prey

herbivores

primary consumer

carnivors

secondary consumers

the exhalation of water vapor through the stomata

transpiration

organism in a food chain that represents a feeding step in the passage of energy and materials through an ecosystem

trophic level

nitrogen gas is changed into forms of nitrogen that plants can use

carbon cycle

the path that all water follows as it moves around Earth in different states

water cycle

animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, and protists

biotic factors

water, air, soil, sunlight, and minerals

abiotic factors

a group of atoms bonded together

molecule

electrons are not shared evenly over the covalent bond

polar

slightly positive hydrogen on one molecule is attracted to a slightly negative atom in another molecule

hydrogen bond

molecules that contain carbon

organic molecule

where the substrate combines with the enzymes

active site

molecule that gets helped by an enzyme

substrate

carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, hydrogen, sulfur

6 most abundant elements

negative oxygen and positive hydrogen

structure of water

monosaccharide

carbohydrates monomer

provide body with glucose

carbohydrates purpose

glycogen, photosynthesis

carbohydrates examples

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

carbohydrates structure

fatty compounds

lipids structure

glycerol and fatty acids

lipids monomer

help control what goes in and out of your cells

lipids purpose

cholesterol, phospholipids

lipids examples

nucleotides

nucleic acids structure

nucleotide

nucleic acids monomer

pass on genetic information

nucleic acids purpose

DNA and RNA

nucleic acids examples

amino acids linked together

protein structure

amino acids

protein monomer

enzymes, transport, messengers, movement

proteins purpose

muscles

protein example

speed up chemical reactions

job of enzyme

temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration

situations that affect enzyme rate

pHs less then 7

pH levels related to acids

pHs greater then 7

pH levels related to bases

break down food molecules into smaller monomers so the body can use the nutrients

digestive system purpose

tear food into smaller pieces

teeth function

moistens food, contains enzymes which break down starches into simple sugars

saliva function

tube connecting throat to stomach

function of esophagus

site of mechanical and chemical digestion

function of stomach

creates bile

function of liver

digestion, a place for the circulatory to absorb nutrients, passes along remaining undigested food

function of small intestine

removes water

function of large intestine

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum

order of organs food passes through

complex molecules like proteins, fats, and carbohydrates are broken down into smaller pieces that your body can use

chemical digestion

physically breaking down food substances into smaller particles to more efficiently undergo chemical digestion

mechanical digestion

mouth, small intestine, pancreas

where carbohydrates are digested

the small intestine, pancreas

where proteins are digested

small intestine, with help from liver and pancreas

where lipids are digested

provides protection for a cell

cell membrane job

a lipid bilayer

cell membrane structure

stores the DNA

nucleus function

includes nuclear membrane, chromosomes, nucleoplasm, and nucleolus

nucleus structure

RNA and proteins

nucleolus structure

produce and assemble the cells ribosomes

nucleolus function

separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm and provides the structure for the nucleus

nuclear envelope function

creates energy in the form of ATP

mitochondria

attached to the er and scattered throughout the cytoplasm

ribosomes location

making protein through amino acids

ribosomes function