adolescence + adulthood chs3-8!

exam 2 materials, not everything but some stuff to memorize :)

less than 30 seconds

what is the capacity for short term memory?

social cognition

this term defines what we think of others

personal fable — “no one understands me”

imaginary audience — “everyone is watching me”

two elements of egocentrism in adolescents

the psychometric approach

a method of understanding cognition through intelligence tests

weschler

who invented the most common intelligence tests (WISC, WAIS, WIPPS)

intelligence quotient

the score on your intelligence testing, often used relative to others in the same age group

absolute preformance

the score of your intelligence compared to everyone regardless of age

1. fluid

2. crystalized

the two types of intelligence

fluid intelligence

refers to mental abilities like processing speed, peaks in early adulthood

crystalized intelligence

accumulated knowledge over time that improves as you age

garner’s theory of multiple intelligences

theory states that intelligence has many forms like musical, spatial, etc.

gender

refers to the social presentation one puts forth

sex

refers to the genitals assigned at birth

klienfelder’s syndrome

XXY; biological features of males and females

delachappel syndrome

XX with male genitalia

jacob’s syndrome

XYY; weak muscle tone, variability in presentation

gender socialization

process by which cultures teach children their expectations about gender

desire to protect women from men

why do traditional cultures say they have such strict rules for women?

achieved

in traditional cultures, manhood has to be _____

1. provide

2. protect

3. procreate

what are the three requirements of manhood?

-globalization

-more opportunities for women

-access to contraception broadening women’s’ role outside of the family

why do we see more blurred gender roles (egalitarian roles) in the modern day?

-occupationally

-sexually

-physically seen as weaker

in what three areas were women viewed differently before the 20th century?

decision of character

the 18th-19th century term referring to a man’s choice to move towards manhood and independence

-communal manhood

-self denial

values of 18th-19th century men

1920s

when was the first american sexual revolution?

the general social survey

a survey that measures the societal trends towards egalitarianism and attitudes about egalitarianism between the sexes

gender parity index

a survey used by the united nations to discuss the education of men and women across the world

2/3 worldwide

how many countries have achieved gender parity?

1. family

2. peer group

3. media

4. school

the four main influences of gender socialization for youths

the gender intensification hypothesis

a study by hill and lynch found that differences between girls and boys become more pronounced during the transition from childhood to adolescence

differential gender socialization

the idea that men and women are socialized under different expectations

adolescents are in a stage capable of self reflection, and they compare themselves and others to gender schemas

why does gender socialization occur, according to piaget?

children seek consistency between norms they learn and their own behaviors

why does gender socialization occur, according to kholberg?

gender self socialization

you make choices for yourself that correspond to your gender as you get older

androgynous females have a good self image and the highest peer acceptance rate, while androgynous males have the lowest peer acceptance rate and a bad self image

what do studies on androgyny reveal?

gender identity disorder

new term for gender dysphoria

around the average age of puberty

when does peak dysphoria occur?

self esteem

overall sense of worth and well being

erik erikson

who coined the term “identity crisis”?

-actual

-possible

-false

the three conceptions of the self

ideal or failed

two subsets of the possible self

mental illness, depression, delinquency

what happens when you have discrepancy between the actual and ideal self?

true!

T/F: we become less concerned with peer acceptance as we move to young adulthood

rosenberg self esteem scale

measures your stable sense of worth

barometric self esteem

fluctuating self worth based on the situation

• romantic appeal

• behavioral conduct

• close friendship

• job competence

• physical appearance

• athletic appearance

• social acceptance

• scholastic competence

the eight domains of the self perception profile

the fall from grace

the experience of feeling happy drops 50% after the fifth grade

-social

-emotional

two types of lonliness

role confusion

according to erikson, this happens if you do not form a healthy identity

psychohistory

a study on how dead celebrities come to make the decisions they make

-achievement

-moratorium

-foreclosure

-diffusion

identity statuses

identity achievement

high exploration, high commitment

identity moratorium

high exploration, low commitment

identity foreclosure

low exploration, high commitment

identity diffusion

low exploration, low commitment

	high ID with majority	low ID with majority
high ID with ethnic group	biculturalism	separation
low ID with ethnic group	assimilation	marginality

jean phinney’s four ways minorities respond to conflict in identity devlopment

mother

do adolescents find it easier to talk to their mother or father?

family systems approach

looking at both the total family functions and each member, where each subsystem influences every other subsystem

disequilibrium

change in any member of a subsystem creates _______

your family

where do you core values often come from

-changes in parents during midlife

-sibling relationships

-extended relationships

3 aspects that have direct application to adolescent development are

-caregiver

-buddy

-critical

-rival

-casual

different roles in sibling relationships

you have an activity the whole family is engaged in

adolescents’ time with family drastically decreases unless _____

authoritative

parenting style that involves high demandingness and high responsiveness

authoritarian

parenting style characterized by high demand and low responsiveness

permissive

parenting style characterized by low demand and high responsiveness

disengaged

parenting style characterized by low demand and low responsiveness

differential parenting

the idea that different children in a family evoke different parenting styles (ex—> aggressive child may evoke authoritarian parenting)

mary ainsworth

did the “strange situation” study on attachment styles

john bowlby

said your attachment model forms expectations for future relationships, but with every close relationship you revise your working model

true!

T/F: moving at least an hour away improves your relationship with your parents

stepfather and daughter relationships

what is the most tense relationship after a divorce

false

T/F: children have a harder time with divorce than adolescents

loyalty trap

adolescents feel conflicted over loyalties between mom and dad during divorce, feeling they have to take a “side”

conflict

its not the divorce itself that is doing the damage, but the _____

family structure

the outward characteristics of a family

true

T/F: there is risk of a negative outcome for dual earner families if they don’t have time for their kids

fathers, males

physical abuse is more likely to be perpetuated by _____ towards _____

fathers, females

sexual abuse is more likely to be perpetuated by _____ towards _____

close to home

many runaway children stay ______

friends

individuals who are important to you socially and emotionally

peers

an anonymous group in the same age range

family, friends

adolescents go to _____ for advice on occupational issues and _____ for relational issues

-enjoyment with friends

-disillusionment with friendship

what two things increase through adolescence?

intimacy

what is the key distinctive feature of adolescent friendships?

trust

betrayal of this will end a friendship for an adolescent

friends with benefits and friends of the opposite sex

emerging adults are more likely to have these types of relationships

friends influence

the new term that refers to positive or negative peer pressure

mid adolescence

when does friends influence peak?

-informational

-instrumental (help with tasks)

-companionship

-esteem

what are the four types of support?

clique

small group of friends who know each other well and may define themselves based on a shared identity, 3-12 people

crowd

social category, reputation based group, provides settings for social activity and friendship

-establish a dominance hierarchy

-reinforce conformity

sarcasm is used to

false

T/F: relational aggression only hurts the target

the course of identity

the way a crowd changes reflects _____

-elites

-academics

-deviants

-other

popular types of crowds in the US

-physical attractiveness

-social skills (most important)

-high intelligence

popular people often have these three things

rejected unpopularity

the type of socially rejected peers that are actively disliked, have the worst outcomes like drug use and depression

neglected unpopularity

people that are socially rejected because they go unnoticed

controversial adolescents

aggressive figures who people have mixed opinions on