IB History

New Deal

Was a series of programs, public work projects, financial reforms, and regulations enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the United States between 1933 and 1938

Tariffs

Taxes on foreign imports that can lead to higher prices of foreign goods, encouraging the purchase of domestic products. The Nullification Crisis was a conflict when South Carolina refused to follow tariff laws, showcasing sectional differences between the North and the South.

Slavery

The use of African peoples for forced labor, a major point of contention leading to the Civil War as it involved the ownership of humans and sparked intense debates between parties.

Missouri Compromise of 1820

Legislation that admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state to maintain the balance of power between free and slave states, showcasing the political concerns over slavery at the time.

Mexican-American War

Conflict between Mexico and America due to westward expansion, leading to the acquisition of new territories and further complicating the issue of slave and free states.

Compromise of 1850 (and Fugitive Slave Act)

Agreement that created new states with slavery determined by Popular Sovereignty, and the Fugitive Slave Act allowed slave hunters to capture suspected escaped slaves, deepening the divide between North and South.

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

A novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe that highlighted the moral issues of slavery, fueling abolitionist movements in the North and angering the South.

Bleeding Kansas

Violence in Kansas over the issue of slavery, including the Sack of Lawrence and the brutal actions of John Brown, foreshadowing the violence of the Civil War.

Dred Scott SCOTUS decision 1857

Supreme Court ruling that declared enslaved black people were not citizens and that territories were open to slavery, invalidating the Missouri Compromise and intensifying tensions.

Election of 1860

Election where Lincoln's victory led to Southern secession, forming the Confederate States of America and ultimately triggering the start of the Civil War.

Union Advantages

Refers to the benefits possessed by the Union during the Civil War, such as more resources like firearms and coal, the ability to mobilize troops, and the strategic importance of border states.

Confederate Advantages

Signifies the strengths of the Confederacy in the Civil War, including reasons for fighting, geographical advantages like rivers and mountains, and the impact of effective defense strategies.

General McClellan

The Union general known for his shortcomings in collaboration, planning, and leadership, resulting in significant losses until his dismissal after the Battle of Antietam in 1863.

Stonewall Jackson

A Confederate general known for his strategic attacks and secrecy, whose accidental shooting by his own troops after the Battle of Chancellorsville had a significant impact on the war.

Robert E

The skilled Confederate general whose military tactics prolonged the war, but became less effective over time, leading to the Confederate defeat.

Emancipation Proclamation

Lincoln's declaration freeing enslaved individuals in Confederate states, allowing African Americans to join the army and impacting the course of the war.

Battle of Vicksburg

A crucial battle in 1863 that marked a turning point in the war, granting the Union control over the Mississippi River and cutting off Confederate supplies.

Battle of Gettysburg

The battle where Lee's assault into northern territory ended in Confederate defeat, putting the Confederacy on the defensive for the remainder of the war and prompting the Gettysburg Address.

Gettysburg Address

Lincoln's speech calling for unity and honoring the fallen soldiers at Gettysburg, emphasizing the importance of preserving the Union.

Special Field Order Number 15

Known as '40 Acres and a Mule,' an order providing land to Black individuals, later reversed after Lincoln's assassination, impacting African American equality and wealth.

Freedmen's Bureau

A government agency aiding formerly enslaved individuals with education, healthcare, and legal support during Reconstruction.

Lincoln’s 10% Plan

Lincoln's Reconstruction plan requiring loyalty oaths and the abolition of slavery, criticized for being too lenient by radical Republicans.

Military Reconstruction Act 1867

Legislation that required the Southern states to elect new state governments, ratify the 14th Amendment, and placed these governments under federal control to ensure black men were given the opportunity to vote and hold office.

Ku Klux Klan

White terrorist group from Mississippi that terrorized and murdered blacks across the South, prompting legislative acts like the 14th Amendment and the Enforcement Act.

Tenure of Office Act

Required the President to seek Congressional approval before removing any federal official, leading to President Johnson's impeachment.

Election of 1876/ Compromise of 1877

Resulted in the election of Hayes over Tilden, with the compromise leading to the removal of troops from the South, marking the end of Reconstruction.

African-American Political Progress

During Reconstruction, over 1500 African Americans held political office, gained citizenship, and voting rights through the 14th and 15th Amendments, but progress was hindered by economic recessions and increasing discrimination.

Overproduction

When supply exceeds demand, leading to price drops, reduced profits, and increased unemployment.

Consumer Demand

Refers to the desire of consumers to purchase goods and services, impacting production levels and economic stability.

Stock Market Crash

Rapid decline in stock prices causing financial losses and bank runs, contributing to the Great Depression.

Betty Friedan and the Feminine Mystique

Book highlighting women's discontent with traditional roles, sparking the feminist movement.

Title IX

Legislation prohibiting discrimination in education programs, opening opportunities for women in various fields.

Marital Rape Criminalization

Legal action against rape within marriages, highlighting the issue of spousal abuse.

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

Proposed constitutional amendment to outlaw sex-based discrimination, impacting feminist and conservative politics.

Cesar Chavez

Activist who fought for farm workers' rights and co-founded the National Farm Worker Association.

Chicano Identity

Term describing Mexican-Americans, influenced by cultural movements and activism in the United States.

Control Act of 1986

Legislation that prohibited discrimination in hiring based on national origin and offered amnesty to undocumented immigrants who could prove residency.

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, established in 1909, the oldest and largest civil rights organization in the U.S., known for using legal strategies to advance civil rights.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

A protest against segregated seating on buses in Montgomery, Alabama, led by the NAACP and resulting in the desegregation of public transportation.

SCLC

Southern Christian Leadership Conference, formed after the bus boycott, focused on nonviolent direct action and led by Martin Luther King Jr.

Sit-ins

Nonviolent protests where individuals sat at whites-only facilities to challenge segregation, inspired by MLK and Gandhi.

Freedom Rides

Protests where riders challenged segregation on buses, facing violence and leading to federal enforcement of desegregation.

March on Washington

A massive civil rights demonstration in 1963, where MLK delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech.

Civil Rights Act 1964

Legislation that prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, a landmark achievement in the civil rights movement.

Voting Rights Act 1965

Legislation that banned discriminatory voting practices and empowered the federal government to oversee elections, increasing African American voter registration.

Black Power

Movement advocating for self-determination, economic empowerment, and pride in African American identity.

COINTELPRO

FBI program aimed at surveilling and disrupting Black Nationalist groups, revealing government efforts to undermine civil rights movements.

Boarding Schools/Residential Schools

Institutions where Native children were forced to assimilate into white culture, leading to cultural loss and trauma among Indigenous communities.

American Indian Movement (AIM)

Founded in Minnesota in 1968 to address treaty issues, discrimination, and police harassment against Native Americans. It set up numerous branches and participated in protests like Alcatraz and Wounded Knee.

Trail of Broken Treaties

A 1972 caravan to Washington D.C. by Native Americans to protest, resulting in the takeover of BIA offices. Demands were made, some met, revealing US government hypocrisy and escalating militancy.

Confrontation at Wounded Knee 1973

AIM members occupied Wounded Knee to protest violence and corruption, leading to a standoff with local and federal agents. The event brought awareness to Native American issues.

Indian Self-Determination Act (1975)

Allowed the US government to contract with Native tribes directly, granting tribes control over funds and welfare administration.

Yalta/Potsdam

Wartime conferences between the UK, USA, and USSR to decide post-war Europe's fate, leading to tensions over Germany's division and Soviet control in Eastern Europe.

Salami Tactics

Stalin's method of eliminating non-communist political parties in Eastern Europe to establish communist governments loyal to the USSR, solidifying Soviet control.

Iron Curtain

Term for the division of Europe into communist east and democratic west, leading to border tensions and the formalization of Eastern and Western blocs.

Truman Doctrine

US policy to support free peoples resisting communism, increasing tensions with the USSR and influencing global conflicts like the Vietnam War.

NSC-68

National Security Council document calling for a massive increase in military spending and equating global security with national security, targeting communism.

Eisenhower Doctrine

Policy of brinkmanship promising to protect US interests in the Middle East, reinforcing US resistance to communism.

Berlin Wall (1958-61)

Barrier built around West Berlin to prevent East Germans from fleeing to the West, reigniting tensions in Germany.

Vietnam Civil War

Conflict between North and South Vietnam leading to a lengthy war of containment involving the USA.

Arms Race and Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)

Massive buildup of armaments and nuclear weapons by the US and USSR during the Cold War.

Sino-Soviet Split

Disagreement between China and USSR over leadership of the global communist movement, leading to improved US-China relations.

Détente

Relaxation of tensions between the USA and USSR during the 1970s, marked by cooperative efforts and eased restrictions.

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

Conflict reflecting Soviet expansionism, leading to US support for the Mujahideen and eventual Soviet withdrawal.

Alexander Dubcek

A Czechoslovakian leader who supported student movements and protests against communist rule, played a key role in the transition to democracy in Czechoslovakia.

Iron Curtain

The symbolic division between Western Europe and the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War, often represented by the barbed wire fence that separated Hungary from Austria.

August Coup (1991)

An unsuccessful attempt by hardline communists in the USSR to overthrow Mikhail Gorbachev, signaling the impending collapse of the Soviet Union.

Truman Doctrine

A policy of containment against the spread of communism, initiated by U.S. President Harry Truman during the early years of the Cold War.

Marshall Plan

An American initiative to aid Western Europe in rebuilding its economies after World War II, aimed at preventing the spread of communism.

NATO

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a military alliance formed to counter the Soviet Union and protect Western European countries during the Cold War.

Detente

A period of improved relations between the United States and the Soviet Union, characterized by arms control agreements and reduced tensions.

Mikhail Gorbachev (Gorby)

The last leader of the Soviet Union, implemented reforms like Glasnost and Perestroika, ultimately leading to the collapse of the USSR.

26th of July Movement (M-26-7)

Revolutionary group in opposition to Batista formed by Fidel Castro, his brother, and Che Guevara, leading the guerilla war against Batista’s regime and eventually succeeding in revolution.

Raid against the Moncada army barracks

Armed strike on army barracks led by Castro and his brother, resulting in casualties, torture, and Castro's escape, gaining national attention for his revolutionary ideas.

Granma Expedition

Attempted seaborne landing in eastern Cuba by 82 revolutionaries on a yacht led by Castro, his brother, and Che Guevara to start their guerilla revolution, despite facing heavy losses.

Pact of Caracas

Agreement where all revolutionary groups recognized Castro as the leader of the revolution, setting him up to lead the country post-revolution.

Economic collapse (1958)

Resulting from raids by M-26-7 and loss of sugar, leading to a collapse in the economy and opposition to Batista.

What marked the success of the Cuban Revolution?

Batista fleeing the country, with M-26-7 gaining control of Havana by January 1959, marking the success of the revolution.

U.S and their relations with Cuba

Initially welcoming Castro regime but later imposing an embargo due to nationalization of goods, suppression of speech, and ties with the USSR, leading to the cutting of ties in 1961. Which country does this describe?

Cuban Revolution events in the Cold War

Bay of Pigs invasion, Castro seeking ties with the USSR, and the Cuban Missile Crisis impacting US-Cuba relations and Cold War dynamics.

Mujahideen

Afghan fundamentalists who engaged in guerilla warfare against the Soviet forces during the Soviet-Afghan War and received assistance from the USA.

Cold War

The geopolitical tension between the Soviet Union and the United States and their respective allies, characterized by ideological, political, and military rivalry.

Vietnam War

A conflict between North Vietnam supported by the Soviet Union and China, and South Vietnam supported by the United States, lasting from 1955 to 1975.

Cuban Revolution

A revolution led by Fidel Castro that overthrew the Cuban government in 1959, leading to the establishment of a socialist state in Cuba.

Apartheid

A system of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa that lasted from 1948 to the early 1990s.

Guerilla warfare

A form of irregular warfare in which a small group of combatants use tactics such as ambushes, sabotage, and hit-and-run attacks against a larger, conventional military force.