HIV

What accounts for 80% of HIV transmissions?

Sexual contact.

What is the risk of HIV transmission per exposure through sexual contact?

Ranges from 0.05-1.5%.

What elevates the risk of HIV transmission?

Concurrent STIs, advanced clinical stage, higher viral load, and vaginal bleeding.

What is the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV without ART?

25%.

What happens to the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV with proper viral suppression?

Drops to <1%.

What does PrEP stand for in HIV prevention?

Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis.

What does PEP stand for in HIV prevention?

Post-Exposure Prophylaxis.

What is the meaning of U = U in HIV prevention?

Undetectable = Untransmittable.

What age group should be screened for HIV according to guidelines?

All individuals aged 15-65 years.

Are pregnant individuals recommended to be screened for HIV regardless of risk?

Yes.

What does a Nucleic Acid Test (NAT) detect?

The HIV virus approximately 10 days post-exposure.

What does an Antigen/Antibody (Ag/Ab) Test detect?

HIV within 18-45 days.

What does an Antibody Test (EIA) detect?

Antibodies within 23-90 days.

What is the eclipse phase in HIV infection?

The initial period where the virus is undetectable by any test, approximately 10 days.

What is the window period in HIV testing?

The interval before anti-HIV antibodies are detectable, roughly 25 days.

What is the classification of HIV as a virus?

An enveloped single-stranded RNA virus.

What are the two major types of HIV?

HIV-1 and HIV-2.

What is the first stage of the HIV life cycle?

Binding (Attachment).

What happens during the fusion stage of HIV infection?

The envelope fuses with the cell membrane.

What role do CCR5 antagonists play in HIV treatment?

They target the binding stage of the HIV life cycle.

What do fusion inhibitors target in HIV treatment?

The fusion stage.

What do NRTIs and NNRTIs target in the HIV life cycle?

Reverse transcription.

What is the role of integrase inhibitors in HIV treatment?

They target the integration stage.

What do protease inhibitors target in the HIV life cycle?

The budding stage.

What characterizes acute HIV syndrome?

High viral load and significant drop in CD4 cell count, leading to flu-like symptoms.

What are common symptoms of acute HIV syndrome?

Fever, headache, fatigue, lymphadenopathy.

What happens during the clinical latency stage of HIV?

The virus continues to replicate, leading to a gradual decline in CD4 cells.

What is the primary indicator of immune function in HIV patients?

CD4 cell count.

What is the normal range for CD4 cell count?

500-1600 cells/mm³.

What does a CD4 cell count below 200 indicate?

Diagnosis of AIDS or need for opportunistic infection prophylaxis.

What does the viral load measure in HIV patients?

HIV RNA copies in the plasma to monitor treatment success.

What are some opportunistic infections associated with HIV?

Candidiasis, Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP), Toxoplasmosis, Mycobacterium Avium Complex (MAC).

What type of infection does candidiasis represent in HIV patients?

An opportunistic infection that occurs when CD4 < 200 cells/mm³.

What type of infection is Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP) and when does it occur?

An opportunistic infection at CD4 < 200 cells/mm³.

What infection can occur at CD4 < 100 cells/mm³?

Toxoplasmosis, often resulting in encephalitis.

When does Mycobacterium Avium Complex (MAC) occur in relation to CD4 counts?

At CD4 < 50 cells/mm³.