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Social Psychology
The study of how an individuals thoughts, feelings and actions are affected by the actual, imagined, or symbolically represented presence of other people
Attribution Theory
The study of how people explain the causes of behavior and events, either by attributing them to internal factors (like personality) or external factors (like a situation)
Dispositionism vs. Situationism
Dispositionism attributes behavior to internal traits and personality whereas situationist attributes behavior to external circumstances and context
Fundamental attribution error and the self serving bias
The Fundamental Attribution Error is the tendency to overemphasize personal traits and underestimate situational factors in others behaviors
Self serving bias is the tendency to attribute our successes to internal factors and our failures to external factors
Attitude
A learned tendency to evaluate in a certain way, either positively or negatively
Peripheral route to persuasion vs. central route to persuasion
Peripheral route to persuasion relies on superficial cues while central route to persuasion relies on logical arguments and evidence
Foot in the door phenomenon vs. door in the face phenomenon
The foot in the door phenomenon is the idea of asking for something small to get your “foot in the door” and then asking for something big
The door in the face phenomenon is kind of the opposite, it’s where you ask for something big and get denied but then ask for something small and get approved
Role
A coherent set of behaviors expected of an individual in a specific position within a group or social setting
Cognitive Dissonance
An unpleasant psychological state resulting from inconsistency between two or more elements in a cognitive system
Norms
Unwritten rules about how to balance in a particular group or society
Social Cognition
The spread of behaviors, attitudes, and affect through crowds and other types of social aggregates from one member to another
The chameleon effect
The unconscious mimicry of others behaviors and mannerisms
The mood effect
How a personas current mood influences their perceptions and behaviors
Empathy
Understanding a person from their frame of reference rather than one’s own
Mood linkage
The phenomenon where individuals in a group share similar mood
Positive herding
When people follow others positive behaviors leading to more widespread good actions
Conformity
Adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to match the group standard
The Milgran Experiment
Conducted by Stanley Milgran in the 1960s, tested obedience to authority by having participants administer shocks, concluding that people are likely to follow orders even against their conscience
Social Control vs. Personal Control
Social control is the influence of society on behavior, while personal control is an individuals ability to influence their own behavior
Social facilitation vs. social inhibition vs. social loafing vs. deindividuation
Social facilitation is improved performance in the presence of others
Social inhibition is the worsened performance in the presence of others
Social loafing is reduced effort in tasks
Deindividuation is the loss of self awareness in group settings
Group polarization
When group discussions lead to more extreme positions than initially held
Groupthink
When a group desire for harmony leads to poor decision making
Prejudice
An unjustified negative attitude toward a group and it’s members
Stereotype
An overgeneralized belief about a group of people
Discrimination
Unfair treatment of individuals based on their group membership
Explicit vs. implicit prejudice
Explicit is conscious and openly shared while implicit is unconscious and automatic
The Just World Phenomenon
The belief that people get what they deserve
Outgroup bias vs. Ingroup bias (ethnocentrism)
Outgroup is negative attitudes towards those not in one’s group
Ingroup is positive attitude towards ones one group
Scapegoat Theory
Blaming others for one’s own problems
Other-race effect (own race bias)
The tendency to more easily recognize faces of one’s own race
Availability heuristics
Judging the likelihood of events based on how easily examples came to mind
Hindsight bias
Believing you know the outcome all along after it happens
Victim blaming
Holding the victim responsible for their own misfortune
Aggression
Any behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally
Frustration Aggression Principle
Frustration leads to aggressive behavior
Instrumental vs. reactive aggression
Instrumental is goal oriented behavior to achieve something
Reactive aggression is impulsive and in response to a perceived threat or provocation
Social script
A cultural guide for how to act in various situations
Proximity and the mere exposure effect
Proximity - Being physically close to someone
Mere exposure effect - Tendency to like things more as we are exposed to them repeatedly
Attractiveness and Similarity
Attractiveness is the apes one person has to another
Similarity is the tendency to be attracted to those who share common traits with us
The Matching Hypothesis
The idea that people are more likely to form relationships with others who are equally attractive
Expectancy Value Theory
We indicate relationships with the most attractive people that we think will probably like us in return
Passionate love vs. companionate love
Passionate love is intense and emotions attraction
Companionate love is deep affection and attachment
Sternbergs Triangular Theory of Love
Intimacy, passion and commitment
It’s good to know aspects of healthy relationships.
Healthy relationships and connections with others are vital to a peaceful, productive, happy life.
Healthy, happy relationships can help our own self-image/self-concepts.
Theory can help us predict which relationships will thrive
Self-disclosure
The act of revealing personal information to others
Altruism
Selflessly helping others without expecting anything in return
The bystander effect and diffusion of responsibility
The bystander effect is when people are less likely to help in an emergency if others are present
The diffusion of responsibility is the tendency to feel less personal responsibility when others are around
Social exchange theory
The idea that human interactions are based on a cost-benefit analysis
Reciprocity norm vs. social responsibility norm
The reciprocity norm is the expectation to return factors
The social responsibility norm is the expectation to help those in need
Conflict
A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas
Social Traps
Situations where individuals act in their own self-interest, leading to negative outcomes for the group
Mirror-image perceptions
Mutual views where each side sees itself as ethical and the other as evil
Self-fulfilling prophecy
When a belief leads to its own fulfillment
Superordinate goals
Shared goals that require cooperation to achieve
