Ava Human Bio Study Guide Chapters 7+8

Lack of calcium, lack of movement

What risk factors increase your chances at getting osteoperosis?

Osteoblasts makes bone cells, osteoclast break down bone cells, and an osteocyte is a bone cell

What is the difference between and osteocyte, an osteoblast, and an osteoclast?

They are in the lacunae which surrounds the cell.

How does an osteocyte sit in the bone matrix?

Phosphate and calcium, osteoclasts will break down the bone.

What salts are stored in the bone? Why Would the body want to break down bone to release these salts?

Cartilage, red blood cells, osteoblasts laydown bone

What are the basic steps in the formation of endochondral bone?

Red bone marrow

Where are red blood cells made?

Helps articulate your femur and tibia

In your knee, what is the role of the meniscus?

Articular cartilage is a thin layer of specialized connective tissue that helps to provide a smooth surface to reduce friction. Hyaline cartilage. Helps reduce friction (once again)

What is the role of articular cartilage? What type of cartilage makes articular cartilage? How does synovial fluid aid articular cartilage?

The two parts on the end that is wider than the shaft, typically found in your arms and legs

What are the parts of a long bone?

By measuring how many epiphyseal plate is

How can a doctor tell how much more a person is likely to grow?

Chemicals that is released from the motor neuron that allows muscles to contract, they are stored in vesicles

What are Neurotransmitters? Where are they stored in motor neurons?

Myosin, actin, tropomyosin, troponin.

What are the proteins that make up the myofibril?

The dark bands are called "A Bands"

The sarcomere is made up of various bands, which band is the ark one composed of thin and thick filaments?

Myosin binding sites

Binding sites on actin allow for cross bridges with which protein?

The muscle is no longer allowed to contract and there is a lack of oxygen.

What causes a muscle cramp?

It triggers a contraction because of regulatory.

What role does calcium ions play

This is due to the fact that oxygen cannot reach the muscle as fast as it needs to for the muscle to get the necessary energy.

How does lack of oxygen cause a buildup of lactic acid in muscles?

ATP is needed to detach filaments of actin and myosin from one another

How does the lack of ATP cause rigor mortis after death?

When there is a lack of oxygen to the muscles, they do not have the energy to be able to contract to cause them to get tired.

How are lactic acid, a lack of oxygen and muscle fatigue related?

Cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle

What are the three types of muscle?

The dense connective tissue that seperates and surrounds the muscle tissue is fascia.

What do we call the dense connective tissue that seperates whole muscles?

A tendon connects the muscle to the bone although a ligament connects bone to bone

What is the different between a tendon and a ligament?

It seperates muscle fibers from one another

What is the role of endomysium

Its a combination of an individual motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates, this is called a motor unit

What is a motor unit? What are the parts of a motor unit?

Another name for a muscle cell is a myocyte.

What is another name for a muscle cell?