P4 ID Terms

William Lloyd Garrison

New Englander who supported the immediate abolition of slavery after working on The Liberator newspaper and hearing from Baltimore African-Americans who believed that ending slavery through colonization was the South's plan to ensure slavery's permanency and promote racism; demanded immediate end to slavery without compensation for slaveowners; radical who founded The Liberator, an abolitionist newspaper, in Boston in 1831; advocated immediate, uncompensated emancipation and even civil equality for blacks; famous and highly controversial abolitionist whose main tactic was to stir up emotions on the slavery issue

Frederick Douglass

escaped slavery and then self-educated in Massachusetts; published autobiography in 1845 which was the most widely read anti-slavery document; criticized the evils of slavery and started a newspaper with William Lloyd Garrison; an escaped slave who became a powerful abolitionist orator; captured audiences with descriptions of life as a slave; also published a newspaper, the North Star, in the early 1830s; influential speeches encouraged slaves to escape and motivated northerners to oppose slavery

The Grimké sisters

took up the cause of women's rights after they were criticized for speaking to audiences that included men and women. One of the sisters argued that women deserved the same rights as men (Letters on the Condition of Women and the Equality of the Sexes); toured New England, lecturing against slavery, in 1837. They became controversial by lecturing to both men and women. In 1838 both sisters wrote classics of American feminism

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

One of the leaders of the feminist movement; launched the women's rights movement after being forced to sit behind a curtain at a world antislavery convention in London; organized the Seneca Falls Convention in Lucretia Mott; the convention began with "all men and women are created equal" and demanded various rights be granted to women, including suffrage; g with Lucretia Mott planned a women’s right convention at the Wesleyan Methodist Church in Seneca Falls which sparked the women’s movement; also active in the fight for abolition and temperance, but was devoted to women’s rights

Sojourner Truth

famous black abolitionist--- illiterate but could transfix audiences with speeches and songs. Not only fought to free slaves but was an advocate of women’s suffrage as well; a runaway slave who became an influential figure in both women’s societies and the abolitionist movement; traveled widely through New England and the Midwest, making eloquent speeches against sex discrimination, Godlessness, and slavery which attracted large audiences

Charles Grandison Finney

Founder of modern revivalism; experienced soul-shattering conversion that led to them becoming a minister; ordained in the Presbyterian Church and attracted national attention by performing spectacular revivals; pioneer of cooperation among Protestant denominations; believed that conversions were human creations instead of the divine works of God, and that people’s destinies were in their own hands; "Social Gospel" offered salvation to all

Horace Mann

leading reformer for public education; free vote equated to a need for free education; advocated for better schools; higher pay for teachers; better curriculum; strove to give greater access to public education to children of poor and working-class families; became the secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education; promoted a wholistic change in public education; wanted to put the burden of cost on the state, grade the schools, standardize textbooks, and compel attendance

John C. Calhoun

Vice president during John Quincy Adams' presidency who anonymously published The South Carolina Exposition and Protest in response to the tariff of 1828; promoted theory of nullification and states' rights; part of Whig Party because hated Jackson

Henry Clay

The "Great Compromiser," constructed the Missouri Compromise; proposed the "American System" which sought to combat sectionalism by building economic self-sufficiency through the B.U.S, protective tariffs, and federal government supported internal improvements; composed Compromise Tariff in 1833 that temporarily settled the Nullification Crisis; organized the Whig Party with John C. Calhoun in opposition to Jackson; stood for strong, active government

Andrew Jackson

War hero from the War of 1812, won the Battle of Horseshoe Bend against the Creeks and the Battle of New Orleans against the British; claimed the panhandle of Florida for U.S. which led to it acquiring it from Spain; represented the "Common Man" and instituted the spoils system so that more average Americans would have an opportunity in the government (expanded democracy); increased the power of the executive branch by exercising the power to veto and defying the powers of SCOTUS (Worchester v. Georgia, McColloch v. Maryland); leader of the Democratic Party which stood against a strong, active government and was in favor of laissez-faire policies; stood for national power in the Nullification Crisis

John Quincy Adams

Helped acquire Oregon territory and settle disputes between the British and U.S.; wrote Monroe Doctrine which stated that the western hemisphere was "closed" to further European colonization, as long as Europe didn't try to interfere with the Americas, the U.S. would remain neutral/isolated and not interfere with European affairs; negotiated with Spain in the treaty that led to the U.S. acquisition of Florida

Tecumseh

A Shawnee leader, who fought against the United States expansion into the Midwest; Opposed any surrender of Native American land to whites, and tried with his brother, Tenskwatawa the "Prophet," in uniting the tribes from American customs, especially liquor; defeated at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 by William Henry Harrison

Oliver Hazard Perry

Won Battle of Lake Erie and saved America from a northern invasion by the British; national war hero of the War of 1812

William Henry Harrison

National War of 1812 hero who won the Battle of Thames by attacking the British-Canadian capital; elected as a Whig because portrayed America's "common man" and was also a war hero from the Battle of Tippecanoe where Tecumseh and his confederation of different tribes were defeated

Brigham Young

led the great migration of Mormons west to present-day Salt Lake City in Utah, the “New Jerusalem” or “Deseret;" practiced polygamy and developed an extremely patriarchal society; successor to Joseph Smith

Circuit Rider

traveling frontier preachers. itinerant preachers very prominent during the second great awakening; traveled & offered salvation as a free gift

Romanticism

belief that within every individual there was good; intended to capture the potential of the inner spirit, to question and search for reason in the relationship between man & the universe—perfection was achievable through imagination; artistic movement inspired by inner spirit; belief in imagination, power of the individual, emotion, and intuition

linear

arranged in or extending along a straight or nearly straight line; consisting of or predominantly formed using lines or outlines; involving one dimension only

refute

prove (a statement or theory) to be wrong or false; disprove; prove that (someone) is wrong; deny or contradict (a statement or accusation)

concession

a thing that is granted, especially in response to demands; the action of granting or yielding something

reform

make changes in something, (typically a social, political, or economic institution or practice) in order to improve it

Asher Durand

tried to capture the beauty of the American landscape and the power of nature; American landscape artists that idolized nature, painted the Hudson River Valley in a way that would preserve it's "wild nature" characteristics that made it unique from Europe; founded Hudson River School of Painting with Thomas Cole

invoke

cite or appeal to (someone or something) as an authority for an action or in support of an argument; call on (a deity or spirit) in prayer, as a witness, or for inspiration; call earnestly for

John Marshall

a Federalist known for using broad interpretations of the Constitution to take power from the states and give it to the federal government; declared the B.U.S to be constitutional and considered it a federal agency in McCulloch v. Maryland

nullify

make legally void; invalidate; make of no use or value; cancel out

temperance

moral crusade against alcohol, the “demon rum;" abstinence from alcoholic drink

fallacy

a mistaken belief, especially one based on unsound argument; a failure in reasoning which renders an argument invalid; faulty reasoning; misleading or unsound argument

Eli Whitney

an inventor who introduced the concept of interchangeable parts in 1798. The tools and machines invented allowed unskilled workers to build absolutely uniform parts for guns, so that the whole gun no longer had to be replaced if a single part malfunctioned or broke. This was the beginning of mass production; invented cotton gin that removed seeds from the lint faster and more efficiently, consequently increasing the production of cotton in the South and increasing the use of slave labor

Francis Cabot Lowell

Recruited teenage girls from rural New England and provided them with food, shelter, and educational opportunities, paid them $3 a week; imitated British designs for a power loom and then improved on them; founder of America's most famous center of textile manufacturing

commercialize

manage or exploit (an organization, activity, etc.) in a way designed to make a profit

market

any place where two or more parties can meet to engage in an economic transaction; a means by which the exchange of goods and services takes place as a result of buyers and sellers being in contact with one another, either directly or through mediating agents or institutions;

Samuel Slater

the supervisor of machinery in a textile factory in England; left England illegally in 1790 to come to Rhode Island and founded the first permanent mill in America (1793) for spinning cotton into yarn; founded the cotton textile industry in America

lament

a passionate expression of grief or sorrow; an expression of regret or disappointment; a complaint; mourn (a person's loss or death); express one's deep grief about; express regret or disappointment over something considered unsatisfactory, unreasonable, or unfair

exhort

strongly encourage or urge (someone) to do something

decry

publicly denounce; criticize; condemn

expedite

make (an action or process) happen sooner or be accomplished more quickly

nascent

just coming into existence and beginning to display signs of future potential; budding; developing; growing

autonomy

the right or condition of self-government; freedom from external control or influence; independence

suffrage

the right to vote in political elections; one of the political right demanded in the Seneca Falls Convention; franchise

acolyte

a person assisting the celebrant in a religious service or procession; an assistant or follower