Abnormal Psychology: CH 15 -E 4

developmental psychopathology

focuses on determining what is abnormal at any point in the developmental process by comparing and contrasting it with normal and expected changes that occur.

separation anxiety disorder

classified under anxiety disorders in DSM-5, is characterized by excessive anxiety about separation from major attachment figures, such as mothers, and from familiar home surroundings

irritability

one modification used for diagnosing depression in children is that ____ is often found as a major symptom and can be substituted for depressed mood in childhood depression

longitudinal research

involves studying and collecting baseline information on a specific group of interest (patients with a given disorder, high-risk children, etc.) and then following up with them at a future date (e.g., 1, 5, or even 20 years later) to determine the changes that have occurred over the intervening period.

oxytocin

those with depression showed lower levels of ____ (the so-called “love hormone” that increases during social bonding) in general

internalizing disorders

anxiety and depressive disorders often are referred to as _____ because the focus of the symptoms is on what is happening inside the person

externalizing disorders

disorders characterized by symptoms focused outside the person, such as engagement in disruptive and impulsive behavior, often are referred to as “_____.”

juvenile delinquency

is the legal term used to refer to violations of the law committed by minors

oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)

characterized by a recurrent pattern of negativistic, defiant, disobedient, and hostile behavior toward authority figures that persists for at least 6 months; grouped into three subtypes: angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, and vindictiveness.

oppositional defiant disorder

virtually all cases of conduct disorder are preceded developmentally by ____, but not all children with ____ go on to develop conduct disorder

conduct disorder (CD)

characterized by a persistent, repetitive violation of rules and a disregard for the rights of others

enuresis

habitual involuntary discharge of urine, usually at night, after the age of expected continence (age 5).

primary; secondary

children who have _____ functional enuresis have never been continent; children who have _____ functional enuresis have been continent for at least a year but have regressed.

encopresis

describes a symptom disorder of children who have not learned appropriate toileting for bowel movements after age 4.

neurodevelopmental disorders

a group of conditions characterized by an early onset and persistent course that are believed to be the result of disruptions to normal brain development

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

characterized by a persistent pattern of difficulties sustaining attention and/or impulsiveness and excessive or exaggerated motor activity.

ritalin

stimulant medications such as ____ (methylphenidate) treat young children with ADHD.

autism spectrum disorder

a neurodevelopmental disorder that involves a wide range of problematic behaviors including deficits in language and perceptual and motor development; defective reality testing; and impairments in social communication.

inanimate

infants later diagnosed with autism show a significant increase in their focus on ____ objects

echolalia

the parrot-like repetition of a few words.

tic

a persistent, intermittent muscle twitch or spasm, usually limited to a localized muscle group

tourette’s disorder

a motor disorder in the neurodevelopmental disorders section of DSM-5, is an extreme tic disorder involving multiple motor and vocal patterns.

coprolalia

a complex vocal tic that involves the uttering of obscenities.

learning disorders

delays in cognitive development in the areas of language, speech, mathematical, or motor skills that are not necessarily due to any demonstrable physical or neurological defect

dyslexia

individual has problems in word recognition and reading comprehension; often he or she is markedly deficient in spelling and memory

intellectual disability

characterized by deficits in general mental abilities, such as reasoning, problem solving, planning, abstract thinking, judgment, academic learning, and learning from experience

dementia

any functional equivalent of intellectual disability that has its onset after age 17 is considered to be “____” rather than intellectual disability

mental retardation

the new term, intellectual disability, has replaced _____ and is becoming more commonly used by professionals, by the lay public, and by various advocacy groups.

50-55 to 70

mild disability IQ

35-55

moderate disability IQ; some can be taught to read and write a little and may manage to achieve a fair command of spoken language, their rate of learning is slow, and their level of conceptualizing is extremely limited

20-35

severe disability IQ; commonly suffer from impaired speech development, sensory defects, and motor handicaps. they can develop limited levels of personal hygiene and self-help skills, which somewhat lessen their dependency, but they are always dependent on others for care

below 20

profound disability IQ; severely deficient in adaptive behavior and unable to master any but the simplest tasks. they also tend to have poor health and low resistance to disease and thus a short life expectancy

no. 18 trisomy syndrome

peculiar pattern of multiple congenital anomalies, the most common being low-set malformed ears, flexion of fingers, small jaw, and heart defects

down syndrome

moderate and severe intellectual disability; trisomy of chromosome 21; the eyes appear almond shaped, and the skin of the eyelids tends to be abnormally thick. the face and nose are often flat and broad, as is the back of the head. the tongue, which seems too large for the mouth, may show deep fissures. the iris of the eye is frequently speckled. the neck is often short and broad, as are the hands. the fingers are stubby, and the little finger is often more noticeably curved than the other fingers; often cheerful

phenylketonuria (PKU)

a baby appears normal at birth but lacks a liver enzyme needed to break down phenylalanine, an amino acid found in many foods.

macrocephaly

(large-headedness). there is an increase in the size and weight of the brain, an enlargement of the skull, visual impairment, convulsions, and other neurological symptoms resulting from the abnormal growth of glial cells that form the supporting structure for brain tissue.

microcephaly

small headedness

hydrocephaly

accumulation of an abnormal amount of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium causes damage to the brain tissues and enlargement of the skull

mainstreaming

“inclusion programming”—requires careful planning, a high level of teacher skill, and facilitative teacher attitudes

prosocial

conduct disorder with limited _____ emotions: lack remose/guilt, lack of empathy, unconcerned with performance/ shallow

80

___% with early onset CD continue to have problems of social dysfunction as adults

DRO

direct reinforcement of other behavior: reinforcing prosocial behavior

enuresis

#1 reason implicated in child abuse

12

in adhd, symptoms must be present by age ___

self stimulation

in autistic children, head banging, spinning in circles, and rocking are behaviors of...

dyscalculia

impairment in math

PL 94-142

eduction for all handicapped children act; help all people reach highest potential

low verbal IQ and difficult temperament which leads to poor parenting and insecure attachment leading to CD

self perpetuating cycle in CD? a genetic predisposition leads to

oppositional defiant disorder

externalizing disorders in childhood include

profound

lowest level of intellectual disability

2

mild has ___ standard deviations below the mean

increases alertness

one effect of ritalin as a treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is that it __________.

inconsistent parental discipline

which of the following is a risk factor for oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder?

anxiety disorders

among children, the most commonly diagnosed disorders are __________.

behavioral conditioning combined with desmopressin

what has been found to be the most effective approach to the treatment of enuresis?

lack of interest in other people

the hallmark symptom of autism is __________.

tourettes syndrome

oscar is thirteen and frequently twists his head uncontrollably, and yelps or grunts. if he has not done this for several hours, he has a sensation that can only be relieved by engaging in these movements and sounds. oscar has had this problem since he was nine. the most likely diagnosis is __________.

at risk for teen pregnancy

girls with conduct disorder __________.

alcohol

prenatal exposure to __________ is related to depression in children.

as parental age increases

the incidence of Down syndrome increases __________.

proposes that dysfunctional interactions have served to maintain the child's problematic behavior

a treatment strategy for children with conduct disorder, the cohesive family model __________.

dyslexia

thought to be an asymmetry in brain development, __________ is the most widely known and studied learning disorder.

they lack the ability to pick up on social cues.

which of the following is a possible explanation for the seeming lack of emotion in children with autism?

sociocultural

low socioeconomic status and living in a poor neighborhood are __________ variables that increase the probability of a child developing conduct disorder.