IZA Test 2

Animal Transfers, Exhibit Design,Government and Legislation, Mixed Species Exhibits, Taxonomy

Taxonomy

Study of naming, describing, and classifying all living organisms, constantly evolving process

Morphological (taxonomy)

What it looks like

Behavioral (taxonomy)

What it acts like

Molecular data (taxonomy)

Genetic make-up

Taxonomy Order

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

3 more common species concepts

Morphological, Biological, Phylogenetic

Cladogram

branching diagram showing the relationship between species.

Taxon Advisory Groups (TAG)

makes management decisions for a group of related animals (ex. Ape TAG, Galliformes TAG, Crocodillian TAG)

Species Survival Plans (SSP)

Maintain sustainable populations of a species.
Operate under a TAG.

How taxonomy affects how we display animals?

Based on behavior/biology of related group

How taxonomy affects our care of animals.

Closely related groups often require similar care.

Sub-species

Not quite different enough to be its own species, but still different.

How do zoos adjust their programs when taxonomy changes?

- Ignore it.
- Split or lump groups together.

Genetics and Taxonomy

- Multiple ways to analyze DNA.
- Mitochondrial DNA is becoming more popular.
- Genetics is changing the way we classify animals.

How do new species occur? (8)

- Area
- Genetic Diversity
- Habitat Heterogeneity
- Geographic Barriers
- Reproductive Barriers
- Population Size
- Hybridization
- Genome Duplication

Allopatric Speciation

Occurs when a species separates into two separate groups which are isolated from one another.

A physical barrier (mountain range or a waterway) makes it impossible for them to breed with one another.

Parapatric Speciation

when new species evolve in contiguous, yet spatially segregated habitats.

Can be some hybridization where the 2 populations overlap.

Hybrid Zone

In parapatric Speciation, the place where two species can still interbreed with each other.

Sympatric Speciation

occurs when there are no physical barriers preventing any members of a species from mating with another, and all members are in close proximity to one another.

Founder Effect

Reduced genetic diversity resulting from a population descended from a small number of ancestors.

Zoogeography

Study of the distribution of animals.

Determination of areas characterized by specific groups of animals.

Biogeographic Realms

Divided according to biological evolutionary history and distribution of terrestrial organisms in ecosystems.

8 Biogeographic Realms

- Nearctic
- Palaearctic
- Neotropical
- Afrotropic
- Indomalayan
- Australasia
- Oceanian
- Antarctic

Nearctic Species

Pronghorn Antelope

Nearctic Region

Most of North America (Greenland, Central FL, highlands of Mexico)

Nearctic Biomes

- Arctic tundra
- Boreal Forests
- Temperate Broadleaf forests of coastal mountain regions
- Temperate coniferous forests
- Mid-winter to cold-winter deserts, shrublands

Palaearctic Species

Tiger

Palaearctic Region

- Largest Biogeographic realm
- Bulk of Eurasia and North Africa
- Northern and Central parts of Arabian peninsula

Palaearctic Biomes

- Freshwater and terrestrial ecoregions
- Sahara and Arabian Deserts

Neotropical Species

Toucan

Neotropical Region

Tropical terrestrial ecological regions of South America, Central America, and the Caribbean

Neotropical Biomes

- Moist Broadleaf forests
- Amazon Rainforest
- Humid forest and wetlands

Afrotropic Species

Rhino

Afrotropic Region

- Trans-Saharan Africa
- Arabia

Afrotropical Biomes

- Lowland tropical forest
- Savanna
- Grassland
- Desert

Indomalayan Species

Wrinkled Hornbill

Indomalayan Region

- Indian sub-continent
- Southeast Asia
- Southern China
- Indochina
- Sunda shelf
- Ecoregions of the Philippines

Australasia Species

Major Mitchell's cockatoo

Australasia Region

- Australia
- New Guinea
- New Zealand
- Eastern Indonesian archipelago
- Solomon Islands
- New Caledonia

Australasia Biomes

- Similar flora to Antarctic realms and Southeast Asia
- Wallace's line serves as biological dividing line

Oceanian Species

Solomon's Island Eclectus parrots

Oceanian Regions

- Polynesia
- Micronesia
- Fiji
- One of the smallest and youngest realms

Oceanian Biomes

- Volcanic high islands
- Coral atolls

Antarctic Species

Emperor's Penguin
few species due to cold temperatures

Antarctic Region

- Antarctica
- island groups in southern Atlantic & Indian Oceans

Antarctic Biome

- Tundra
- Ice Sheets

3 ways that zoos are organized:

- Taxonomic
- Zoogeographic
- Habitat

Taxonomic Zoo Organization

Based on the classification of animals

Zoogeographic Zoo Organization

Based on geographic location of animals

Habitat Zoo Organization

Based on the preferred habitat of the animals

Carl Hagenbeck

- Tierpark Hagenbeck
- Larger, more naturalistic exhibits
- No obvious form of cantainment (moats)
- Mixed-species exhibits with species from the same region

Heini Hediger and William Conway

exhibits should address biologicaland behavioral needs of the animals

Where was the 1st naturalistic predator-prey exhibit in North America

African Plains exhibit at the Bronx Zoo

Exhibit design changes in 1990s-present

- enrichment opportunities in exhibits
- training walls/demonstrations

Exhibit design changes in the present

- Incorporating choices for animals into exhibits
- visitor connections with live animals

3 Clients for Exhibit Design

- Animals
- Zoo Staff (Keepers, Vets, Hort, Maintenance)
- Public

Needs for Zoo Staff in Exhibit Design

- Easy to clean
- Ability to rotate exhibit furniture
- Facilitate animal captures/medical procedures
- Easy maintenance of plants, pools, barriers

Needs for Animals in Exhibit Design

- Safe Barriers
- Useable space
- Natural behaviors
- Shelter/Space to get away from people
- Food and water

Needs for Guests in Exhibit Design

- Easy to see animals (natural behavior/active)
- Shade
- Area to sit and watch animals
- Graphics (animal info, conservation info)

Holding Area uses

- Overnight
- Sick/injured animals
- Mother and offspring
- Exhibit construction

Needs for Off-Display areas

- Should work for training
- Should have the same standards as on-display areas

Intraspecific

Within the same species

Conspecifics

Members of the same species

Interspecific

Between different species

Benefits of Mixed-Species to the Public

- More dynamic to watch
- More educational opportunities
- Use "flashier" species with others to draw attention to them

Benefits of Mixed-Species to the Animals

- Opportunities for interactive behaviors
- More naturalistic environment
- More complex behaviors
- Good for possible reintroduction programs

Risks of Mixed-Species to the Public

- May witness aggression/possible injuries
- May not understand what they are seeing

Risks of Mixed-Species to the Animals

- Correct diets
- Hybridization
- Undesirable behavior
- Interspecific/Intraspecific Aggression (Breeding, competition for resources

According to the textbook there is usually more ______-species aggression

Intra-species

Why would interspecific aggression be more common?

the animals may not be able to interpret the other species behavior/warning signals

Things a keeper needs to interpret aggression

- Source of the aggression
- One time occurance or continutous
- Possible solutions

Benefits for keepers working mixed-species

- Can work with a variety of animals in one enclosure
- Allows for lots of problem-solving opportunities

Difficulties for keepers working mixed-species

- Training
- Shifting
- Manaement for medical treatments
- Diets
- Captures
- Breeding

Considerations for mixed-species exhibits

- Preferred areas in enclosure
- Diet
- Natural history
- Individual history
- Breeding
- Disease transfer

When to transport animals?

- Breeding Loans
- Exhibit Loans
- Donations
- Sales
- SSP recommendations
- Placing offspring
- Closing/opening an exhibit
- Replace animals that have passed away
- Adding to an enclosure

Animal needs during transfer

- Food
- Water
- Bedding (absorbs feces/urine, provides warmth, traction)
- Temperature control
- Perches (depends on the animal)
- Cover
- Light

US Fish and Wildlife Service (US FWS)

Endangered Species Act

National Marine Fisheries Service

Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA

US Dept. of Agriculture (USDA)

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)

US Center for Disease Control (CDC)

Importation of certain animals

US Transportation and Security Administration (TSA)

Animal Transport by Air (IATA)

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

Staff Safety regulations

US Department of Homeland Security

Inspection of importation/exportation of animals

Game Management

- The act of making land produce sustained annual crops of wild game for recreational use.

- Grows natural species in an environment with few changes to enhance yield.

- An observer wouldn't be able to tell the difference between managed and unmanaged yield.

Game Farming

- Intensified version of game management

- Propagates wild species in confinement, usually for later release to supplement wild stock.

Hunting Regulations

- Restriction of hunting

- Predator control

- Reservation of game (parks, refuges)

- Artificial replenishment

- Environmental controls

pre-1860's who owned game

Royalty or land-owning nobility

pre-1860's how did the poor feed themselves

Poaching

1830's Wildlife management in the US

- Game licenses
- Specific hunting seasons

Tragedy of the Commons

- William Forster Llyod, made widely known in Garrett Hardin essay.

- A resource is widely used by a population
- Individuals aren't concerned about preserving it for themselves or the good of everyone.
- Eventually the resource is depleted and cannot be used by anyone.

1st National Park

Yellowstone

Gifford Pinchot

- Conservationist

- Utilitarian: planned use and renewal of resources

- Value of nature is equal to the value of human use

John Muir

Preservationist: some areas should be completely protected from any human use

Teddy Roosevelt's view on wildlife

Wildlands to be renewable organic resources which might last forever if harvested scientifically (not faster than produced)

Roosevelt's Doctrine of Conservation

- Recognized all outdoor resources as one integral whole

- Recognized their conservation through wise use as a public responsibility and their private ownership as a public trust

- Recognized science as a tool for discharging that responsibility.

Aldo Leopold

- Father of Wildlife Management

A Sand County Almanac (1949)

- By Aldo Leopold

- Introduced the idea of a responsible relationship between people and the land.

- The Land Ethic

Wildlife Management 1970-present

- Broader environmental movement

- focus shifted away from game species and includes ecosystems

E.O. Wilson

- Father of biodiversity and biogeography

- recognized keystone species and their importance

- Conservation advocacy

Jane Goodall

- Promotion of animal welfare

- breaking down perceived differences between humans and animals

- known for chimp research