Bio module 1-anatomy and physiology

Anatomy

study of the structural basis of body function

Physiology

study of functional relevance of human structure

Gross anatomy

• structures visible to the eye

• study using surface observation or dissection

Histology

the study of tissue

• observed under a microscope

• specimens are thinly spliced and stained

Surface anatomy

study of external structures of the body sh. what you can see

Systemic anatomy

study of one organ system at a time

Regional anatomy

study of multiple organ systems at the same time in a specific region of the body

Inspection

take a look; simplest method

Palpation

to feel structures with fingertips

Percussion

tapping on the body and listening for sounds of abnormalities

Auscultation

listening to sounds made by the body

Medical imaging

allows viewing inside of body without surgery

Noninvasive

no penetration of skin or orifices

Invasive

penetration of skin and body orifices

Radiography

photogrophy of internal structures with x-rays

Computed Tomography CT scan

Produces an image of a slice of body and is useful for identifying tumors, aneurysms, and kidney stones

Magnetic resonance imaging

uses magnetic field and radio waves to produce image

Positron Emission tomography PET scan

an injection of radioactively labeled glucose highlights the most active areas of the body

Sonography

uses a handheld device against skin to emit high frequency ultrasound

this option avoids the harmful effects of X-rays and is both cheap and portable however does not produce very sharp image

an echocardiography is a sonographic exam of a beating heart

Anatomical variation

individuals vary in their anatomy and some people lack certain organisms

Neurophysiology

the study of the nervous system

Pathophysiology

the study of mechanisms of disease

What are the 8 biological qualities of living things?

• organization

• cells

• metabolism

• development

• excitability

• homeostasis

• reproduction

• evolution

Organization

• expend energy to survive

• disease and death result from breakdown in order

Cells

living things are compartmentalized into the smallest functional unit within our bodies (cells)

Metabolism

sum of all internal chemical change within an organism ex. converting food and drink into energy

Development

the change in form or function over the lifetime of an organism

involves growth and differentiation

growth: an increase in size

differentiation: cells and tissues with no specialized function
transform into cells committed to a particular task

Excitability

the ability of organisms to sense and react to stimuli sh. to feel

Homeostasis

ability to achieve internal stability despite a changing environment

What are some examples of homeostasis

• blood pressure

• body weight

• body temperature

Reproduction

organisms are able to produce copies of themselves and pass their genes on to offspring

Evolution

ability to have genetic change in the population over time

What does homeostasis consist of?

a feedback loop

Receptor

as structure that senses changes in the body

ex. tempature receptors on skin

Integrating control center

processes information and makes response decision

ex. cardiac control center in brain

Effectors

structures that carry out response to restore homeostasis

Negative feedback

a process where the body senses a change and activates mechanisms that reverse it. does not produce absolute constancy and values may fluctuate around a set point.

ex. is key mechanism for maintaining homeostasis and health

Positive feedback

A cycle where change in the body leads to greater change in same direction

What are some examples of positive feedback?

childbirth, clotting, and protein creation

organism

a whole complete individual

organ system

a group of organs that carry out a basic function

organ

multiple tissue types that work to carry out a function

ex. heart kidneys bones

sagittal plane

extends vertically and divides the body into right and left portions

midsagittal divides the body into equal right and left portions while parasagittal divides body into unequal right and left portions

frontal plane

extends vertically and divides the body into frontal and back positions

transverse plane

divides the body into upper and lower positions

Body cavities that contain internal organs are lined by what type of membrane?

serous membrane that secretes a water flow

Cranial cavity

enclosed by skull and contains the brain

Vertebral canal

Space that passes down the vertebral column (spine)

continuous with cranial cavity

Membrane

a thin sheet of tissue covering an organ surface, lining a space, or separating other tissues from each other

Meninges

a layer of three membranes that lines both the cranial cavity and vertebral to protect nervous tissue from hard bone

Which muscle separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity?

the diaphragm

Mediastinum

a partition that divides the thoracic cavity into right and left portions

contains the esophagus, trachea, heart and major blood vessels

What does the thoracic cavity contain?

• mediastinum

• pericardium

• pleura

Pericardium

two layered serous membrane that surrounds the heart

Pleura

two layered membrane enclosing the lungs

What are the names for the two layers of a membrane?

• visceral (innermost)

• parietal (outermost)

Abdominal cavity

contains most of the digestive organs

Pelvic cavity

contains lowermost part of large intestine, urethra, bladder and reproductive organs

Peritoneum

a serous membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity and peritoneal cavity

Peritoneal cavity

the space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum

Retroperitoneal organs

covered by peritoneum only on side facing the cavity

lie against the posterior body wall

kidneys and pancreas

Intraperitoneal organs

fully encircled by peritoneum and suspended from posterior body wall by by mesenteries

loops of small intestines

Tissue

a group of similar cells or cell products that work to carry out a function

Physiological variation

physiology is more variable than anatomy

Differs with sex, age, weight, diet, physical activity,
environment

health care workers must make adjustments for characteristics

Organelles

microscopic structures that carry out cells individual functions

ex. nuclei, mitochondria and lysosomes

Composed of molecules, which are made of atoms

The anatomical position

views of body are based on slices with sections and planes

Parietal peritoneum

outer layer of peritonium, lines the abdominal wall

Visceral peritoneum

• Mesentery suspends certain
  abdominal viscera from body wall

• Serosa covers some visceral
  surfaces