i love hosa

hosa

Mesial

Surface towards midline

Distal

Surface away from midline

Labial/buccal

Surface towards lips ("outside")

Lingual/palatal

Surface towards tongue ("inside")

Facial

Anterior teeth - labial surface; Posterior teeth - buccal surface

Incisal

Chewing surface of anterior teeth

Occlusal

Chewing surface of posterior teeth

Incisal third

Area on the crown of the tooth that is nearest the incisal edge on the anterior tooth (closest to top of tooth)

Occlusal third

Occlusal surface of the posterior tooth (top)

Cervical third

Area of the crown of the tooth that is closest to the cervical area or gingiva (closest to bottom of tooth)

Middle third

Area between the incisal third and the cervical third

Apical third

Root is divided into imaginary thirds with the area nearest the apex (tip of root) as the apical this, area nearest the crown is cervical third

Middle third of the root

Area between the apical third and cervical third of root

Contact area

Where the proximal sides of two teeth come together and touch

Interproximal surface

Where 2 proximal surfaces contact and the area where an individual tooth flosses

Embrasure

Triangular space in the gingival direction when 2 adjacent teeth are in contact

Diastema

Space or gap between teeth, usually maxillary central incisors (gap in top front teeth)

Crown

Each tooth has 2 parts: the crown (described as either anatomical or clinical) and the root

Anatomical crown

Portion of the tooth which is covered by the enamel

Clinical crown

Portion of the crown that is visible in the mouth

Anatomical Root

The portion covered with cementum

Anatomical root

The portion covered with cementum

Clinical root

Portion of the root seen in the oral cavity (ex. Where the gingiva has receded)

Cervical line

Divides the crown and the root; the anatomical crown and the root join together here as well

Cementum

Calcified layer of tissue that covers the root of the tooth

Gingiva

The gums/specialized epithelial tissue that surrounds the teeth

Incisor

Located in the front of the mouth and is visible when you smile; their primary function is to cut (incise) and tear into food.

Canines

Located at the corners of the mouth; their primary function is to assist incisors in cutting.

Premolars

Found behind the canines; assist the canines in tearing and chewing and grinding food to a consistency that is easier to swallow and digest.

Molars

Found behind the premolars; largest teeth in the mouth with 4-5 cusps and a broader chewing surface than premolars.

Upper arch

Maxillary arch (fixed into skull)

Lower arch

Mandibular arch (moveable → brings biting force to maxillary arch)

Primary teeth

Deciduous teeth - 10

Permanent teeth

Adult teeth - 16

Quadrants

Each section of a dental arch divided by the midline/median line (2 arches/2 sides = 4 quadrants)

Primary quadrant teeth

5 teeth: 1 central incisor, 1 lateral incisor, 1 canine/cuspid, 2 molars (1st, 2nd)

Permanent quadrant teeth

8 teeth: 1 central incisor, 1 lateral incisor, 1 canine, 2 premolars/bicuspids (1st, 2nd), 3 molars (1st, 2nd, 3rd)

Naming Quadrants

Quadrants labelled according to patient's right/left, which are reversed of the dental assistant's

Dental sextant

Dentition divided into 6ths, with 1 anterior sextant and 2 posterior sextants in each arch

Primary sextants

4 in each anterior, 3 in each posterior

Adult sextants

6 in each anterior, 5 in each posterior

Eruption Schedule

Permanent teeth replacing primary are called succedaneous teeth (20 succedaneous teeth since 20 primary)

Mixed dentition period

When there are both primary and permanent teeth in dentition (6 - 12 years old)

Permanent dentition eruption

6 - 17/21 years old

Nonsuccedaneous teeth

Teeth that do not replace primary, including all three molars and up to 12 nonsuccedaneous teeth

Apex

At/near end of root

Apical foramen

Opening in the end of the tooth where nerve and blood vessels enter

Bifurcated

Where there are 2 roots on 1 tooth (branched in two)

Buccal groove

Linear depression forming a groove from middle of buccal surface to occlusal surface

Central prove

On the occlusal surface of posterior teeth, divides occlusal surface across, from medial to distal

Cingulum

Convex area on lingual surface of anterior teeth, near gingiva

Cusp

Pointed/rounded mound on crown of tooth

Cusp of Carabelli

5th cusp located on mesial lingual surface of most maxillary 1st molars

Developmental groove

Groove formed by uniting of lobes during development of crown of tooth

Fissure

Developmental groove result from an imperfect union where lobes come together; decay often starts

Fossa

Shallow rounded/angular depression

Furcation

Dividing point of multirooted tooth

Lobes

Separates parts of tooth (in molars, lobes often become cusps)

Mamelons

3 bulges on incisal edge of new central and lateral incisors that disappear due to normal wear

Marginal groove

Groove that provides spillway for food to escape in chewing

Marginal ridge

Elevated area of enamel that forms mesial and distal borders of lingual surface of anterior teeth and mesial and distal borders of occlusal surface of posterior teeth

Oblique ridge

Elevated area of enamel that extends indirectly across occlusal of tooth

Pit

Where groove come together or fissures cross; decay begins in pits

Ridge

Linear elevation of enamel

Supplemental groove

Shallow, linear groove that extends from developmental groove; gives tooth surface wrinkled look

Transverse ridge

Union of 2 triangular ridges that produces a single ridge of elevation across the occlusal surface of posterior teeth

Triangular ridge

Elevation that descends from cusp and widens down the occlusal surface

Trifurcated

3 roots coming from main trunk of tooth

CEJ

Represents the anatomic limit between the crown and root surface

First molar

6 year molar (b/c of eruption time) appears square with 4 primary cusps + the cusp of Carabelli (located on mesio-lingual)

Second molar

12 year molar, 4 cusps only

Herodotus

Expressed that medicine had become so fragmented that each physician was a specialist in a particular disease

Hippocrates

Father of medicine; explained health and the occurrence of disease through the existence of four main fluids and elements that must remain in balance

Hesi-Re

1st dentist recorded (3000 BC)

Guy de Chauliac

Wrote 'Hygienic Rules for Oral Hygiene' based on logic that sticky, sweet foods increase dental decay

Pierre Fauchard

Wrote 'Le Chirugien Dentiste'; founder of modern dentistry; developed the manual drill

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

Discovered X-rays in 1895

Leonardo Da-vinci

Differentiated molars and premolars

Robert Woofendale

One of the first dentists from England to US; placed advertisement for dental operations

John Greenwood

First president (George Washington's) favourite dentist

Paul Revere

Silversmith/dentist who made surgical instruments and artificial teeth

Josiah Flagg

Creator of the dental chair; trained by Paul Revere

Morrison

Manufactured and patented first dental engine w/ handpiece, motor, foot treadle

Horace H. Hayden

Inspired by John Greenwood → became dentist

Chapin A. Harris

Built library + 'The Dental Art: a Practical Treatise on Dental Surgery'

Chapin A. Harris

1st pres of American Society of Dental Surgeons

Chapin A. Harris

1st informative dental periodical (American Journal of Dental Science)

Greene Vardiman Black

Known as the 'Grand old man of dentistry'

Greene Vardiman Black

Invented machines for alloys+instruments

Greene Vardiman Black

'Founders of Modern Dentistry in the US'

Lucy Beaman Hobbs Taylor

1st woman to graduate from a recognized dental college

Dr. Robert Tanner Freeman

1st African American to earn a dental degree

Dr. Robert Tanner Freeman

Graduated from Harvard University Dental School

Dr. George Franklin Grant

Second African American to earn dental degree from Harvard

Dr. George Franklin Grant

Also patented the golf tee

Dr. George Franklin Grant

Credited as authority on cleft palate but also made important contributions to golf

Ida Gray

1st African American woman to earn a dental degree from the University of Michigan, School of Dentistry

John Borden

Created Airotor handpiece (200k rpm)

Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis

Discovered handwashing

Horace Wells

Discovered Nitrous Oxide (anaesthetic)