Studied by 82 people
death rate equation
(number of deaths / total population) * 1,000
Birth rate equation
(number of live births / total population) * 1,000
Natural Rate of Increase Equation
(crude birth rate - crude death rate) / 10
environmental resistance factors
limits to available resources and space that constrain population growth
reproductive potential
the relative capacity of a species to reproduce under optimum, or nearly perfect, conditions
Survivorship
how different species exhibit unique evolutionary adaptations to access vital resources in order to grow, mature, and survive
Urbanization
the movement of large parts of a population from rural to urban areas
demographic transition
a theory of population dynamics; according to the theory, when the economy of a country or region becomes industrialized, or manufactures goods, its birth and death rates decrease
arable land
land that can be used to grow crops
Migration
the seasonal movement of animals due to changes in weather or resource availability
natural rate of increase (NRI)
a measure of how quickly a population size is changing
natality
the rate at which a species produces offspring over time
Population
A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area
Affluence
wealth, more resources used per person
Age Structure Diagram
a visual representation of the number of individuals within specific age groups for a country, typically expressed for males and females
Biotic Potential
The maximum rate at which a population could increase under ideal conditions
Carrying Capacity
Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support
Crude Birth Rate
The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
Crude Death Rate
The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
Clumping
the most common dispersion pattern for populations, individuals flock together
Cohort
A population group unified by a specific common characteristic, such as age, and subsequently treated as a statistical unit.
Corridor
strips of natural habitat that connect populations
Community
All the different populations that live together in an area
Demographic Transition Model
a model of how the size of a population changes as a country develops its economy
Demography
The scientific study of population characteristics.
Density Dependent Factors
factor that limits a population more as population density increases
Density Independent Factors
limiting factor that affects all populations in similar ways, regardless of population size
Dieback
A sudden population decline; also called a population crash.
Exponential Growth Model
growth model that estimates a population's future size after a period of time based on the intrinsic growth rate and the number of reproducing individuals currently in the population
Doubling Time
The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.
Family Planning
the practice of regulating the number or spacing of offspring through the use of birth control
Fecundity
fertility
Generalist Species
Species with a broad ecological niche. They can live in many different places, eat a variety of foods, and tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions. Examples are flies, cockroaches, mice, rats, and human beings. Compare specialist species.
Gross Domestic Product
The sum total of the value of all the goods and services produced in a nation
Immigration
Movement of individuals into a population
Emigration
movement of individuals out of a population
Inbreeding Depression
genetically similar parents mate and produce inferior offspring
Industrialization
the development of industries in a country or region on a wide scale.
Infant Mortality
the number of deaths of children under 1 year of age per 1,000 live births
Child Mortality
the number of deaths of children under age 5 per 1,000 live births
Intrinsic Growth Rate
under ideal conditions, with unlimited resources, the maximum potential for growth
J-shaped Curve
the curve of the exponential growth model when graphed
r-selected species
a species that has a high intrinsic growth rate, which often leads to population overshoots and die-offs
k-selected species
a species with a low intrinsic growth rate that causes the population to increase slowly until it reaches carrying capacity
Specialist Species
Species with a narrow ecological niche. They may be able to live in only one type of habitat, tolerate only a narrow range of climatic and other environmental conditions, or use only one type or a few types of food.
Life Expectancy
The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live.
Limiting Resource
a resource that a population cannot live without and that occurs in quantities lower than the population would require to increase in size
Logistic Growth Model
a mathematical description of idealized population growth that is restricted by limiting factors
Malthus
said human population cannot continue to increase exponentially; consequences will be war, famine & disease
Malthusian Theory
Starvation is the inevitable result of population growth, because the population increases at a geometric rate while food supply can only increase arithmetically
Metapopulation
A group of spatially separated populations of one species that interact through immigration and emigration.
Mortality
death rate
Net Migration Rate
the difference between immigration and emigration in a given year per 1,000 people in a country
Overshoot
when a population becomes larger than the environment's carrying capacity
Parental Care
Any action by which an animal expends energy or assumes risks to benefit its offspring (e.g., nest-building, feeding of young, defense).
Population Density
Number of individuals per unit area
Population Distribution
a description of how individuals are distributed with respect to one another
Population Growth Model
Mathematical equation that can be used to predict population size at any moment in time
Population Growth Rates
explains how fast a given population grows
Population Momentum
The propensity for a growing population to continue growing even through fertility is declining because of their young age distribution
Population Pyramid
A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.
Population Size
total number of individuals in a population
Post-industrialization
the shift from an industrial economy dominated by manufacturing jobs to an economy dominated by service-oriented information-intensive occupations.
Pre-industrialization
The Stage of a nation before the phase of becoming industrialized, or large scale manufacturing/economic activity, where birth and death rates are high and people live in rather poor conditions
Random Dispersion
Random spacing of individuals of the same species within an area.
Replacement Level Fertility
The fertility rate necessary for a population to replace itself
Rule of 70
A method for determining the number of years it will take for some measure to double, given its annual percentage increase. Example: To determine the number of years it will take for the price level to double, divide 70 by the annual rate of inflation.
S-shaped Curve
the shape of the curve when a population is graphed over time using the logistic growth model
Sex Ratio
The number of males per 100 females in the population.
Survivorship Curve Type I
low death rates during early and middle life, then an increase among older age groups
Survivorship Curve Type II
the death rate is constant over the organism's life span
Survivorship Curve Type III
high death rates for the young, then a slower death rate for survivors
Survivorship Curve
Graph showing the number of survivors in different age groups for a particular species.
Theory of Demographic Transition
the theory that as a country moves from a subsistence economy to industrialization and increased affluence it undergoes a predictable shift in population growth
Total Fertility Rate
The average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years.
Uniform Dispersion
The pattern in which individuals are equally spaced throughout a habitat.
Lag phase
period of growth in a variable that is notably slow
Note
Flashcard