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Log rolling
Mutual aid among politicians where one legislator supports another's project in exchange for support.
Interest-group politics
Political activity where benefits go to one group and costs to another.
The Grange
Farmers' organization critical of large corporations.
Gerald Ford
Noted the risks of a government that can give and take everything.
Entrepreneurial politics
Benefits are distributed, costs concentrated.
Do Not Call Law
Legislation initiated at the state level and adopted federally.
Cost argument
People focus more on potential losses than gains.
Cost
Perceived burden if a policy is implemented.
Closed shop
Business hiring only union workers.
Client politics
One group benefits at the expense of many.
Boycott
Effort to stop buying from a company to induce policy change.
Benefit
Satisfaction expected if a policy is adopted.
Agenda setting
Deciding what issues need government action.
Relative deprivation
Feeling worse off than perceived deserved.
Superfund
Aiming to make industries clean up toxic waste.
Sherman Antitrust Act
1890 law making monopolies illegal.
Secondary boycott
Workers boycotting a company not the target.
Teddy Roosevelt
Persuaded Congress to fund lawyers for antitrust.
Deregulation
Lifting restrictions on business and industry.
Professionalization of reform
Bureaucracy creating problems to solve.
Process regulation
Rules improving safety and reducing damage.
Pork-barrel projects
Legislation benefiting constituents for votes.
Political agenda
Issues needing government action.
Policy entrepreneurs
Create legislative majority for underrepresented interests.
Majoritarian politics
Benefits and costs widely distributed.
AFDC
Aid for Families with Dependent Children during the Depression.
Almshouses
Aid houses for widows and orphans in Philadelphia and New York.
Assistance programs
Government programs providing benefits to the poor.
Charitable choice
Laws allowing religious organizations in social services.
Earned income tax credit
Provides income to very poor individuals.
End Poverty in Cal
Upton Sinclair's plan for cooperative ownership.
Food stamps
Government coupons for purchasing food.
Income strategy
Policy giving money to lift people out of poverty.
Indexing
Providing automatic increases to counter inflation.
Insurance program
Self-financing program for benefits to unemployed or retired.
Means test
Income qualification for benefits in lower-income groups.
Medicaid
Federal and state health care assistance program.
Medicare
Federal health insurance for persons 65 and older.
Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act
1988 legislation for elderly medical care.
Mother's pension
Pre-1935 state aid programs for widows with children.
Charles Murray
Claimed high welfare benefits discouraged job search.
OASDI
Insurance for retired workers and families (Social Security).
Service strategy
Congress members using staff for constituent support.
Share Our Wealth Plan
Huey Long's radical wealth redistribution plan.
Social Security Act
1935 law for retirement payments and welfare.
SSI
Federal programs including food stamps and payments to disabled.
TANF
1996 act giving states more control over welfare policy.
Townsend Plan
Francis Townsend's old-age pension proposal.
UI
Unemployment Insurance for workers' income protection.
Acid rain
Rain with acids from industrial emissions.
Bank (pollution allowance)
EPA incentive for low-polluting emissions.
Bubble standard
Total pollution allowed from a factory.
Catalytic converter
Device converting emissions to CO2.
Clean Air Act of 1970
EPA charged with improving air quality.
Clean Air Act of 1990
Added policy to reduce air pollution.
Clear-cutting
Cutting all trees in an area at once.
Command-and-control strategy
Detailed pollution standards setting.
DDT
Toxic insecticide harmful to animals and humans.
Earth Day
Senator Nelson's holiday for environmental awareness.
Environmental impact statement
Document assessing project impact.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Agency for pollution reduction.
Interest-group politics
Policy benefiting one group at another's cost.
Kyoto Protocol
Sets greenhouse gas emission targets.
Majoritarian politics
Policy benefiting and costing almost everyone.
National Environmental Policy Act
Mandates environmental assessments.
Offset
Balancing or compensating for something.
Scrubber
Device removing pollutants from factory emissions.
Sulfur dioxide
Corrosive gas damaging plants and animals.
Superfund
Fund for hazardous waste site cleanup.
Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970
A law enacted in 1970 that made oil companies responsible for cleanup costs of oil spills
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