log rolling- mutual aid among politicians whereby one legislator supports another’s pet project in return for the latter’s support

interest-group politics- political activity in which benefits are conferred on a distinct group and costs on another distinct group

the Grange- an organization of farmers especially outspoken in its criticism of large corporations

Gerald Ford- Individual who noted the government big enough to give you everything you want is also big enough to take away everything you have

entrepreneurial politics- political activity in which benefits are distributed, costs are concentrated

Do Not Call Law- Example of legislation pioneered in the states and replicated by the federal government

cost argument- a situation in which people are more sensitive to what they might lose than to what they might gain

cost- the perceived burden to be borne if a policy is adopted

closed shop- a business that will not employ non-union workers

client politics- political activity in which one group benefits at the expense of many other people

boycott - a concerted effort to get people to stop buying from a company in order to punish and to coerce to a policy change

benefit- any satisfaction that people believe they will derive if a policy is adopted

agenda setting- deciding what belongs on the political agenda

relative deprivation- a sense of being worse off than one thinks one ought to be

Superfund- intended to force industries to clean up their own toxic wastes, but a good illustration of entrepreneurial politics

Sherman Antitrust Act- a law passing in 1890 making monopolies illegal

secondary boycott- a boycott by workers of a company other than the one against which the strike is directed

Teddy Roosevelt- individual who persuaded congress to fund five full time lawyers to prosecute antitrust violations

deregulation- the lifting of restrictions on business, industry, and professional activities for which government rules had been established and that bureaucracies had been created to administer.

professionalization of reform- a situation in which government bureaucracy thinks up problems from government to solve

process regulation- rules regulating manufacturing or industrial processes, usually aimed at improving consumer or worker safety and reducing environmental damage

pork-barrel projects- legislation that gives tangible benefits to constituents in the hope of winning their votes

political agenda- a set of issues thought by the public or those in power to merit action by government

policy entrepreneurs- people i and out of government who find ways of creating a legislative majority on behalf of interests not well-represented in government

majoritarian politics- political activity in which both benefits and costs are widely distributed

AFDC- Aid to Families with Dependent Children - designed during the Depression. Helped families where the main wage earner was disabled, dead, or had left the family.

almshouses- Houses designated to aid the widows and orphans of Philadelphia and New York

assistance programs- a government program financed by general income taxes that provides benefits to poor citizens without requiring contribution from them

charitable choice- name given to four federal laws passed in the late 1990s specifying the conditions under which nonprofit religious organizations could compete to administer certain social service delivery and welfare programs

client politics- political activity in which one group benefits at the expense of many other people

earned income tax credit- a "negative income tax" that provides income to very poor individuals in lieu of charging them federal income taxes

End Poverty in Cal. Plan- Plan ran by socialist author Upton Sinclair when he was running for governor of California in 1934. Sinclair demanded that the state take ownership of idle factories and unused land and give them to cooperatives of working people, a first step toward what he envisioned as a "Cooperative Commonwealth" that would put the needs of people above profits.

food stamps- government coupons that can be used to purchase food

income strategy- A policy giving poor people money to help lift them out of poverty.

indexing- Providing automatic increases to compensate for inflation.

insurance program- A self-financing government program based on contributions that provide benefits to unemployed or retired persons.

majoritarian politics- a policy in which almost everybody benefits and almost everybody pays

means test- an income qualification program that determines whether one is eligible for benefits under government programs reserved for lower-income groups

Medicaid- a  federal and state assistance program that pays for health care services for people who cannot afford them.

Medicare- A federal program of health insurance for persons 65 years of age and older

Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act- legislation adopted in 1988 to protect the elderly against the costs of long-term medical care; later repealed

mother’s pension- Pre-1935 state programs to aid widows with children

Charles Murray- claimed high welfare benefits made it more attractive for some to go on welfare than to look for a job

OASDI- An insurance that pays benefits to retired workers that help them meet their financial obligations and provides benefits to families of retired workers and disabled workers under certain conditions (Social Security) (old age, survivors, and disability insurance)

service strategy- Use of personal staff by members of Congress to perform services for constituents in order to gain their support in future elections.

Share Our Wealth Plan- radical relief program proposed by Senator Huey Long in the 1930s to empower the government to seize wealth from the rich through taxes and provide a guaranteed minimum income and home to every American family

Social Security Act- (FDR) 1935, guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

SSI- federal programs that include food stamps and payments to the disabled and aged (Supplemental Security Income)

TANF- Temporary Assistance for Needy Families. A 1996 national act that abolished the longtime welfare policy, AFDC (Aid for Families with Dependent Children) TANF gives the states much more control over welfare policy

Townsend Plan- A plan proposed by Francis Townsend in 1933 that would give $200 a month (about $3,300 today) to citizens over the age of sixty. Townsend Clubs sprang up across the country in support of the plan, mobilizing mass support for old-age pensions.

UI- Unemployment Insurance - a government program that partially protects workers' incomes when they become unemployed or to those actively seeking employment

acid rain- Rain containing acids that form in the atmosphere when industrial gas emissions (especially sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) combine with water

bank (or pollution allowance)- An EPA incentive that allows a company to apply credits for low-polluting emissions to future plant expansions, or to sell the credits.

bubble standard- the total amount of air pollution that can come from a given factory

catalytic converter- a platinum, coated device that oxidizes most of the VOCs and some of the CO that would otherwise be emitted in exhaust, converting them to CO2.

Clean Air Act of 1970 - The law aimed at combating air pollution, by charging the EPA with protecting and improving the quality of the nation's air.

Clean Air Act of 1990- Policy added to the Clean Air Act of 1970 to reduce air pollution. This was provided to help reduce the safety hazards of unclean and unchecked air in a population.

clear-cutting- The process of cutting down all the trees in an area at once

client politics- a policy in which one small group benefits and almost everybody pays

command-and-control strategy- a strategy to improve air and water quality, involving the setting of detailed pollution standards and rules

DDT- an insecticide that is also toxic to animals and humans

Earth Day- A holiday conceived of by environmental activist and Senator Gaylord Nelson to encourage support for and increase awareness of environmental concerns; first celebrated on March 22, 1970

entrepreneurial politics- A policy in which almost everybody benefits and a small group pays the cost

environmental impact statement- A document outlining the scope and purpose of a development project, describing the environmental context, suggesting alternative approaches to the project, and analyzing the environmental impact of each alternative.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)- an independent federal agency established to coordinate programs aimed at reducing pollution and protecting the environment

interest-group politics- a policy in which one small group benefits and another small group pays

Kyoto Protocol- controlling global warming by setting greenhouse gas emissions targets for developed countries

majoritarian politics- a policy in which almost everybody benefits and almost everybody pays

National Environmental Policy Act- A 1969 U.S. federal act that mandates an environmental assessment of all projects involving federal money or federal permits.

offset- to balance, counteract or compensate for

scrubber- A device that removes pollutants or changes them chemically before they leave factory smokestacks

sulfur dioxide- A colorless, corrosive gas directly damaging to both plants and animals.

Superfund- A fund created by Congress in 1980 to clean up hazardous waste sites. Money for the fund comes from taxing chemical products.

Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970- A law enacted in 1970 that made oil companies responsible for cleanup costs of oil spills