Pharmaceutics Solutions

Antimicrobial Preservatives Examples

• benzoic acid

• sodium benzoate 0.1%

• methyl-/propylparabens

• alcohol 15-20%

• service acid

Sweeteners Examples

• saccharine sodium

• sorbitol

• sucrose

Surfactants Examples

• tweens

• spans

chelating agents Examples

• ETDA

Definition of Syrups

concentrated, aqueous preparations of sugar or sugar substitutes intended for oral administration of bitter tasting drugs

Examples of preservatives used in preserving syrups

• glycerin

• benzoic acid

• alcohol

What percent w/v is simple syrup?

85%

Elixirs are what percent w/v?

5%-40%

Elixirs are for what ROA?

oral

In tinctures alcohol content ranges from

15%-80%

Do aromatic waters have any therapeutic action?

NO

What are the quality controls of liquids?

(know these)

• active drug assay

• rheological properties

• final vol

• appearance

• odor

• clarity

• specific gravity

• pH

Definition of solution

Liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances molecularly diapered in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents

Advantages of solutions

• enhanced bioavailability

• fast onset

• homogeneity

• flexible dosage

• ease of administration

Disadvantages of Solutions

• stability issues

• API solubility issues

• patient inaccuracy

• more pronounced taste

• bulky

• container leaks

What is the most preferable solvent for liquid preparations?

water

What is the strength of alcohol, USP (ethanol)?

94.9%-96% v/v

What is the percent of diluted alcohol?

49%

Which alcohols can be used internally or externally?

• alcohol

• diluted alcohol

What alcohol can only be used externally?

Rubbing Alcohol

If you are < 6 what is the alcohol content limit?

NMT 0.5%

If you are 6-12 years what is the alcohol content limit?

NMT 5%

If you are >12 what is the alcohol content limit?

NMT 10%

Isopropyl Rubbing alcohol can only be used ________.

externally

4 approaches to improving solubility

• co-solvents

• pH adjustment

• Salt formation

• complexation

There are 4 approaches to solubility. What are the solubilizing agents for each?

• co-solvents- 20% v/v alcohol

• pH adjustment- acids/bases

• Salt formation- counter ions

• complexation- cyclodextrines

The point at which a solution of substance can dissolve no more of the solute

saturated solution

A ______________ solution is one containing the dissolved solute in a concentration below that necessary for compete saturation at a definite temperature.

Unsaturated

A ________ Solution is one that contains more of the dissolved solute than it would normally contain

supersaturated

How does molarity differ from normality?

• molarity is the molar concentration and normality is the equivalent concentration

• Normality is the molarity times valence

molarity is defined as

# of moles solute / 1 kg solvent

VP is dependent on what?

temperature

What happens to the boiling point and heat of vaporization as the IMFs get stronger?

increase

Heat of Vaporization def

thermal energy needed to break the IMFs of a liquid

With what type of solution do you see a change in the properties of the components?

ideal solution

Ideal solutions obey what law?

Raoult’s

With what type of solution is there a change in physical properties?

real solutions

Real solutions obey what law?

Henry’s law

Colligative properties definition

• Depend mainly on the number of solute particles (ions/molecules) in a solution

• Think colligative props are conc dep

Osmosis definition

movement of solvent (water) molecules across a semipermeable membrane

Osmotic pressure is the pressure required for

equilibrium

IV infusions must be

isotonic

What is the value of the freezing point depression that is isotonic with biofluids (what we use for everything)

0.52