ANSC 318 Exam 1

animal products (CHO)

high in CHO

plant products (CHO)

low in CHO

pig: fiber CHO breakdown

-limited fermentation in LI -passive absorption of VFAs

horse: fiber CHO breakdown

-lots of fermentation in LI -fermentation to sugar -convert to and passive absorption of VFAs

cow: fiber CHO breakdown

-lots of fermentation in stomach -fermentation to sugar -convert to VFAs -passive absorption of VFAs -limited ferm. in LI -passive absorption of VFAs

pig: starch CHO breakdown

-ED in the SI =active transport of sugar from SI lumen -limited ferm. in LI =passive absorption of VFA

horse: starch CHO breakdown

-ED in the SI =active transport of sugar from SI lumen -limited ferm. in LI =passive absorption of VFA

cow: starch CHO breakdown

-lots of ferm. in stomach =to sugar =convert to VFAs =passive absorption of VFAs -limited ED to sugar =active transport of sugar from SI lumen -limited ferm. in LI =passive absorption of VFAs

pig: protein breakdown

-ED in SI =to AA =active transport from SI lumen

horse: protein breakdown

-ED in SI =to AA =active transport from SI lumen

cow: protein breakdown

-lots of ferm. in stomache =to AA & NH3 =NH3 to MP -ED in SI =MP & UDP to AA =active transport from SI lumen -limited ferm. in LI

pig: lipid breakdown

-limited ED =to LCFA & glycerol =absorption from SI lumen -limited ferm.

horse: lipid breakdown

-limited ED =to LCFA & glycerol =absorption from SI lumen -limited ferm.

cow: lipid breakdown

-lots of ferm. =to LCFA & glycerol =glycerol to VFA =biohydrogenation of unsat. to sat. LCFA -limited ED =to LCFA & glycerol =absorption from SI lumen -limited ferm. in LI

pig digestive system %'s

stomach- 29% SI- 35% cecum- 7% LI- 29%

horse digestive system %'s

stomach- 8% SI- 27% cecum- 18% LI- 47%

cow digestive system %'s

rumen- 68% SI- 20% cecum- 8% LI- 9%

rumen consists of

papillae

reticulum consists of

epithelial lining forms honey-comb cells

omasum consists of

longitudinal folds

water supports (2)

-metabolism -temp. regulation

3 sources of water

-drinking water -water in feed -metabolic water

main storage form of plants

CHO

C:H:O ratio

1:2:1

CHO are ____ to _____ % of DM of typical feeds

50 to 80%

hexoses (6 C sugars) (4)

-glucose -fructose -galactose -mannose

pentoses (5 C sugars) (2)

-arabinose -xylose

disaccharides (4)

-sucrose -lactose -maltose -cellobiose

sucrose is

glucose and fructose

lactose is

galactose and glucose

maltose is

glucose and glucose

maltose type of glucosidic linkage

alpha

cellobiose is

glucose and glucose

cellobiose type of glucosidic linkage

beta

CHO- polysaccharides (6)

-araban -xylan -starch -glycogen -fructans -cellulose

3 glucose sugar molecules

-starch -glycogen (animal tissue) -cellulose

2 starches

-amylose -amylopectin

amylose linkage type

alpha 1, 4

amylopectin linkage type

alpha 1,4 and 1, 6

starch linkage

alpha glucosidic

cellulose linkage

beta glucosidic

CHO mixtures of pentose and hexose (3)

-hemicellulose -pectin -gum

lignin is NOT

a CHO

starch CHO digestion in SI

starch-----amylase----> dextrins

dextrins digestion in SI

dextrins----amylase---> maltose

maltose digestion in SI

maltose-----maltase----> 2 glucose

lactose digestion in SI

lactose----lactase---> glucose + galactose

sucrose digestion in SI

sucrose---sucrase---> glucose + fructose

cellulose digestion in rumen and LI

cellulose----cellulase---> glucose

hemicellulose digestion in rumen and LI

hemicellulose---hemicellulase---> mixed sugars

3 VFAS

-acetate -butyrate -proprionate

lipids are more ____ dense than CHO & proteins

energy

true fats

LCFA linked by ester bonds w/ glycerol

waxes

LCFA linked by ester bonds w/ alcohol other than glycerol

waxes are _______ ____________ than true fats

less digestible

triglyceride

3 fatty acids w/ ester linkages

monoglyceride

1 fatty acid w/ ester linkage

triglyceride digestion in SI

triglyceride---lipase---> diglyceride + LCFA

diglyceride digestion in SI

diglyceride---lipase---> monoglyceride + LCFA

fatty acids (FA & LCFA) absorbed in

lymph system

ED of lipids occurs in

all species

triglyceride ferm.

triglyceride---hydrolyzation---> glycerol + LCFA

glycerol ferm.

glycerol (3 C sugar)---ferm.---> VFAs

unsat. LCFA ferm.

unsat. LCFA---hydrolyzation---> sat. LCFA

composition of LCFA absorbed in pig

IS identical to what cow consumed

composition of LCFA absorbed in cow

NOT identical to what cow consumed

proteins comprised of

AAs

composition of AA in protein determines

its function

simple proteins

yield only AAs upon hydrolysis

2 simple proteins

-albumins (serum, egg, milk) -globulins (antibodies)

fibrous protein

connective tissue

2 fibrous proteins

-collagen (major protein of connective tissue) -elastin (tendons, arteries)

conjugated proteins

contain non-protein elements

3 conjugated proteins

-glycoprotein (protein & CHO) -lipoprotein (protein & lipid) -metalloprotein (protein & minerals)

true protein

only AAs

nonprotein nitrogen (NPN)

not true protein, but can be converted by bacterial action because they contain N

digestible protein

fraction of protein animal can digest

essential amino acid

not synthesized in body in sufficient amounts

degradable intake protein (DIP)

fraction of feed protein digested in rumen (ammonia)

undegradable intake protein (UIP)

fraction of feed protein that bypasses rumen to SI for ED

essential amino acids (10)

Phenylalanine Valine Tryptophan

Threonine Isoleucine Methionine

Histidine Arginine Leucine Lysine

conditionally essential AAs (5)

Arginine

Cysteine

Glutamine

Proline

Tyrosine

non-essential AAs (6)

Alanine

Asparagine

Asparte

Glutamate

Glycine

Serine

in newborn animals, proteins can be absorbed by

pinocytosis

pepsinogen secreted into ________ and converted to _______ by ____

-stomach -pepsin -acidic pH

trypsinogen is secreted by _______ into _______ & converted to ____ by _____

-pancreas -SI -trypsin -enterokinase

enterokinase is secreted by

cells of duodenum

chymotrypsinogen is secreted by _______ into _________ & converted to ___________ by ________

-pancreas -SI -chymotrypsin -trypsin

dipeptidases are secreted by

cells of SI

procarboxypeptidase is secreted by __________ into _______ & converted to __________

-pancreas -SI -carboxypetidase

ammonia made form protein can either be

absorbed from rumen or used by microbes to make MP

minerals

any element other than C, H, O, N

macrominerals needed in

large amounts (g per kg)

microminerals needed in

small amounts (mg per kg)

macrominerals (7)

-calcium -phosphorus -sodium -chlorine -potassium -magnesium -sulfur

microminerals (14)

-iron -copper -chromium -nickel -silicon -iodine -cobalt -molybdenum -fluorine -tin -manganese -zinc -selenium -vanadium

animals cannot synthesize

vitamins

fat-soluble vitamins (4)

A, D, E, K

water-soluble vitamins (9)

-thiamin -riboflavin -niacin -pantothenic acid -pyridoxine -biotin -folic acid -B12 -choline

fat-soluble vitamin composition

C, H, O