AP Psych 4.1 Questions

AP Psych 4.1 Questions

When Minh and Aaron are on the same team playing doubles tennis, Minh credits herself for their successes and blames Aaron for their losses. Which of the following best explains Minh’s thinking?

The situation describes the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to internal factors and negative outcomes to external factors- self serving bias

According to research on interpersonal perception, the formation of friendships is associated with which of the following?

1. Physical attractiveness

2. Physical proximity

3. Attributions of similarity

All of the above

According to the fundamental attribution error, which of the following is most likely to be a student’s explanation for a classmate’s failing exam grade

The class mate was too lazy to study hard

After George completes his PhD in psychology, his former classmate Danielle congratulates him and tells him that he must be a very intelligent and conscientious student. When George asks why Danielle didn’t complete the degree, she tells him that she was too busy juggling her work and family responsibilities to have time for school.

Which psychological concept exemplifies Danielle’s explanation?

Danielle attributes Georges ability to complete the degree to dispositional factors while attributing her own failure to complete the degree to situational or external factors

After listening to a radio station play the same set of songs every three hours, Ivan grows to like them. Ivan’s reaction can be best explained by

the mere-exposure effect

Ashley began her banking career as a teller, but she was quickly promoted to increasingly more responsible managerial positions. Despite the fact that she has very limited experience to justify her promotions, she believes that she has been successful because she is very talented. Which of the following explanations is Ashley using to justify her success?

Self serving bias

A student has just failed a psychology exam. Which of the following explanations is LEAST likely to be evidence of the self-serving bias?

“I didn’t study hard enough.” ( I wasn’t the problem it was external factors)

A supervisor who doubts the competence of a new employee unwittingly criticizes everything the new employee does. If the new employee consequently performs poorly, which of the following will most likely have occurred?

A self-fulfilling prophecy

When his team wins a basketball game, Joe says it is because his team is so good; however, when his team loses, he says it is because the referees made a lot of unfair calls. Joe is most clearly demonstrating

self-serving bias, because he sees his team as being better than it is

• Joe is attributing success internally and failure externally.

The tendency to believe that another person’s behavior is caused by dispositional factors rather than by environmental factors is called

the fundamental attribution error

Bill mistakenly believes that his coworker Natalia dislikes him. As a result, Bill avoids Natalia and is not friendly toward her. Natalia notices this and then begins to dislike Bill. This scenario is an example of which of the following?

Self-fulfilling prophecy

• Bill has an initial belief and acts on his belief by avoiding Natalie. Natalie then does not like Bill because he avoided her, creating evidence for his initial belief.

Doug is part of a large creative-design team at an advertising firm. The team comes up with many slogans for products. Some are successful; some are failures. Whenever the team comes up with a winner, Doug takes full responsibility and talks about how much of a role he played in the team’s success. When slogans are not effective, he denies having a big role in the project. Doug is most clearly demonstrating

a self-serving bias

• Self-serving bias is when one attributes successes to oneself and failures to other people

It is not misattribution error because Doug did not make a global mistake in explaining the team’s behavior

It’s not actor observer bias because Doug did not explain his actions based on external factors and the team’s actions based on internal factors

Its not low self esteem because Doug does not display low confidence

Chris believed he did well on his exam because he was lucky. Which psychological concept applies to Chris’s explanation?

External locus of control because Chris believes he as an individual doesn’t have an influence/control over the situation

Psychologists showed participants a list of words in a language they did not know. The words were repeated to participants. Group A heard the list 3 times. Group B heard the list 8 times, and Group C heard the list 25 times. Participants rated the degree to which words in the list likely referred to something good or bad. The results provide evidence for the mere exposure effect.

There is a positive correlation between the number of times an individual is exposed to novel words and increased positive associations.

• The research is correlational, so it’s impossible to make cause-and-effect conclusions

• The mere exposure effect states that increased experiences with a novel stimulus leads to increased liking or positive associations. this is the opposite effect because increased exposure led to increased disliking

Which of the following is most useful in under-standing an employer's interpretation of an employee's poor performance?

Attribution theory

Which of the following examples represents the concept of the mere-exposure effect?

Ryan grows to like a commercial for a local diner the more he watches that commercial.

• increased liking occurred with only repeated exposures to the commercial

Which of the following best reflects an external attribution?

Dan practices his violin before his lesson.

Sheila believes that people who are poor are responsible for their financial problems.

George believes that working hard will lead to a promotion at work.

Marcy concludes she did poorly on her exam because it was unfair.

Correct answer: Marcy concludes she did poorly on her exam because it was unfair.

• This example describes an external or situational explanation

Shelia believes that people who are poor are responsible for their financial problems

• This examples is the just world phenomenon

Leila saw a man treat a passerby rudely. Shortly after that, she saw him slip and fall to the ground. She immediately thought, “What a clumsy man,” without acknowledging that he had walked onto a patch of ice. Leila is demonstrating the fundamental attribution error because

Responses

the thought was immediate

she projected her own clumsiness onto the man

she blamed his fall on his being clumsy

she thought he got what he deserved

Speed of thought does not describe the F.A.E.

This describes projection, not fundamental error

Leila is over attributing the fall to the person’s personal characteristics

She thought he got what he deserved- Though this is a logical conclusion, it does not describe the fundamental attribution error

The fundamental attribution error occurs when individuals do which of the following?

Responses

Incorrectly assume that virtually all behavior is determined by genetic factors

Underestimate the influence of unconscious motivation when trying to explain their own behavior

Overestimate the influence of personal qualities relative to situational factors when trying to explain the behavior of others

Overestimate the influence of personal qualities relative to situational factors when trying to explain the behavior of others

A professor conducts a survey examining the relationship between pessimism and mental-health problems, and the results of her study are depicted in the scatterplot above. Which of the following types of relationship between pessimism and mental-health problems do her data suggest?

Responses

A positive

Dr. Drew is doing an experiment in which participants listen to a persuasive speech. They are either told the speaker freely chose to give as speech of their own making or the speaker was given a script and told to read it without the option to choose. If Dr. Drew uses the fundamental attribution error as a theoretical framework, what will their hypothesis be?

Participants will indicate that the speech reflects the speaker’s true attitude regardless of experimental condition.

Participants will indicate that the speech reflects the speaker’s true attitude only when told the speaker freely chose what to say.

Participants will indicate that the freedom or not to choose the speech affected the speaker’s ability to persuade them.

Participants will indicate that the speech did not reflect the speaker’s true attitude regardless of experimental condition.

Correct answer: Participants will indicate that the speech did not reflect the speaker’s true attitude regardless of experimental condition.

• Observers explain a persons behavior as a function of their underlying dispositions (the persuasive message), rather than the situation (choice or no choice)

Participants will indicate that the speech reflects the speaker’s true attitude only when told the speaker freely chose what to say.

• Research shows that even when observers are told another person was forced to do something, they still assume that thing they were forced to reflects underlying dispositions

Participants will indicate that the freedom or not to choose the speech affected the speaker’s ability to persuade them.

• The fundamental attribution theory states that the participants would not take into consideration the situation

Participants will indicate that the speech did not reflect the speaker’s true attitude regardless of experimental condition.

• Observers assume a person’s behavior is a function of their underlying dispositions

Claire is conducting research on attribution theory in the United States, which is considered an individualistic country, and in Indonesia, a more collectivistic country. The observation Claire will most likely see in her research is more