Exam #1 - Organic Molecules

Molecules that contain atoms of carbon and hydrogen

Organic molecules

4 organic molecules unique to life

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)

2 subgroups of carbohydrates

Simple carbohydrates-sugar, polysaccharides - complex carbohydrates

2 subgroups of simple carbohydrates-sugars

Monosaccharides, disaccharided

Single sugar molecule

Monosaccharides

2 sugars attached to Form one molecule

Disaccharides

Long chain of simple sugars linked together

Polysaccharides

3 examples of polysaccharide

Starch, glycogen, fiber

What physical property do all lipids have in common

Insoluble in polar solutions such as water

Water loving, dissolve in polar solution, water, will not dissolve in nonpolar

Hydrophilic

Water fearing, not dissolve in polar, water, will dissolve in non polar

Hydrophobic

Fat loving, not dissolve in water or polar solutions, will dissolve in nonpolar

Lipophilic

Triglycerides are commonly called

Oils and fats

Liquid at room temp

Oil

Solid at room temp

Fat

Chemical composition of triglycerides

Glycerol and 3 fatty acids

no double bonds

Saturated fatty acid

At least one double bond present

Unsaturated fatty acid

Only one double bond

Monounsaturated fatty acid

numerous double bonds

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

Chemical composition of phospholipid

Glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate

Consist of long chains of amino acids

Proteins

Chain of 2 amino acids

Dipeptide

longer chain of amino acid

Polypeptide

100+ amino acid

Proteins

Bond between amino acids

Peptide bond

Linear sequence of amino acid composing a polypeptide chain

Primary structure

What type of bond holds the secondary structure together

Hydrogen bonds

Most common type of secondary structure

Alpha helix

short chain of amino acids

peptide

have a backbone of 4 carbon rings

steroid

6 types of proteins

enzymes, hormones, antibodies, structural proteins, contractile proteins, and transport proteins,

enzymes put stress on a chemical bond so they break

catabolic

enzymes position substrates so that chemical bonds are more likely to form

anabolic

found in the nucleus and formed from nucleotides linked together

nucleic acids

stores genetic instructions

DNA

changes genes into physical characteristics

RNA

made of glucose and fructose

sucrose

made of glucose and galactose

lactose

made of glucose and glucose

maltose

2 types of pentose sugars

deoxyribose and ribose

3 types of hexose sugars

glucose, galactose, and fructose

levels of organization in humans

cells, tissues, organs, organ system, and organism

4 types of tissue

epithelial, connective, muscular, and neural