hs 2700 ch. 4.5.6 toddlerhood

Human Growth Hormone (HGH)

influences all growth during the growing processing besides in the Central Nervous System, released during sleep

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

the hormone influencing growth in the central nervous system, released during sleep

maturation of neutrons

most of the brains neurone are present at birth but not fully mature, during development dendrites and connections between between neurone undergo a period of dramatic growth. after the dramatic increase the neural pathways that are not used will be eliminated thereby making those that are used much stronger

Synaptogenesis

formation of connections between neurons, continues from the prenatal period forming thousands of new connections, rapid neural growth period referred synaptic blooming, occurs primarily in the cortex or the thin outer covering of the brain involved in voluntary activity and thinking

the prefrontal cortex

our working memory, located behind our forehead continues to grow and mature throughout childhood and experiences an additional growth spurt during adolescence. experiences shape how the connections grow.

about how many neural connections will be lost

40%

what is the last part of brain to mature

prefrontal cortex

Myelin

A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons for insulation and enhances building of neural pathways, its a change in the CNS that is most dramatic in the first several years of life.

sucking reflex

starts sucking when his or her lips are stroked.

rooting reflex

turning head when the cheek is touched

grasp reflex

fingers automatically grip anything that touches the palm of the hand

babinski reflex

the toes will fan out and curl when the sole of the foot is stroked from heel to toe

moro reflex

a sudden noise or loss of support to the head and neck will cause infants to spread out their arms and legs then quickly contract the limbs inward

tonic neck reflex

when lying on the back with head to one Side infants will extend the arm and leg on that side while flexing the limbs on the opposite side (like a fencer)

stepping reflex

legs move In stepping like motion when feet touch a smooth surface

gross motor skills

voluntary movements that involve the use of large muscle groups and are typically large movements of the arms, legs, head, and torso.

2 month gross motor milestone

can hold head up and push up when lying on tummy, makes smoother movements with arms and legs

4 month gross motor milestone

holds head steady, pushes down on legs when feet are on hard surface, roll over onto tummy, brings hands to mouth, can push elbows back when lying on stomach.

6 month gross motor milestone

rolls over in both directions, begins to sit without support, can support weight on legs and bounce, rocks back and forth, might crawl backwards.

9 month gross motor milestones

stands when holding onto something, can get into sitting position, sits without support, pulls to stand up, crawls

1 Year Gross Motor Milestones

gets up to sitting position without help, pulls up to stand, may take a few steps without holding on, may stand alone

18 months gross motor milestones

walks alone, may walk up steps/run, pulls toys while walking, can help undress themselves

2 years gross motor milestone

stands on tiptoe, kicks a ball, begins to run, climbs onto and down from furniture without help, walks up and down stairs, throws ball overhand.

fine motor skills

more exact movements of feet, toes, hands and fingers

2 months fine motor milestones

grasp reflexively, does not reach for objects, holds hands in fists

4 months fine motor milestones

bring hands tom out, uses hands and eyes together, follows moving things with eyes from side to side, can hold a toy with whole hand and shake it

6 months fine motor milestones

reaches with both arms, brings things to mouth, begins to pass things from one hand to the other,

9 months fine motor milestones

puts things in mouth, moves things from one hand to the other, picks up things with thumb and index finger

1 year fine motor milestones

reaches with one hand, bangs two things together, puts things in and out of container, lets things go without help, pokes with index finger

18 month fine motor milestones

scribbles on own, can help undress herself, drinks from a cup, eats with a spoon with some accuracy, stacks 2-4 objects

2 year fine motor milestones

builds towers of 4 or more blocks, might use one hand more than the other, makes copies of straight lines and circles, enjoys pouring and filling, unbuttons large buttons, unzips large zippers, drinks and feeds self with more accuracy

what did psychologist, William James, describe newborn's world as?

blooming, buzzing confusion

what does current research say about the developed newborn

that new borns organize sensory and perceptual abilities

sensory capacities

touch, taste, smell, hearing, vision

vision in children

poor developed at birth, new borns cannot see further than 8 to 16 inches away from their faces, infants vision is 20/400

when does a Childs vision reach 20/25

6 months

where do new borns look on someones face

the chin until 2 or 3 months when they start seeking more detail

when can new borns perceive depth?

around 6 months

hearing in new borns

good at birth, they can distinguish between very similar sounds as early as one month after birth and can distinguish between familiar an unfamiliar sounds

when do infants lose ability to respond to and understand any sounds

7-8 months

touch and pain in newborns

baby are born sensitive to touch, temperature and pain. respond usually with crying and cardiovascular responses

how does being circumcised without anesthesia impact children

more pain and fear with vaccinations.

taste and smell

babies use facial expressions to show their preferences.

what flavours can new borns distinguish between?

sour, bitter, sweet, and salty

breastfeeding for newborns nutrition

considered the ideal diet for newborns, very rich in nutrients and antibodies, easier to digest for babies

what is the first breast milk produced during pregnancy called

liquid gold

how long should mothers breastfeed for

until at least 6 months of age and should be regularly used throughout first year or two of life.

challenges to breastfeeding

mothers have to stop early because they have to return to work, outside world is rude and unsupportive of moths breast feeding, health issues not allowing mothers to breast feed

cost of breastfeeding

free

cost of formula

about 1500 a year

when can you introduce solid foods?

at about 6 months, when child can sit with little to no support, has good head control and can open his or her mouth and leans forward when offered food

how many days in between introducing different foods?

3 to 5

most common allergies in children

eggs, cow's milk, shell fish wheat, soybeans and peanuts

wasting

the tendency for children to be severely underweight for their age as a result of malnutrition

infrantile marasmus

starvation due to lack of calories and protein. bodies can no longer functions.

are babies that were breast fed at higher or lower risk for malnutrition compared to babies that were bottle fed?

Lower

Kwashiorkor

A disease of chronic malnutrition during childhood, in which a protein deficiency makes the child more vulnerable to other diseases, such as measles, diarrhea, and influenza.

where is wasting a big problem?

asia and africa

milk anemia

milk consumption leading to lack of iron in diet because the calcium in milk interferes with the absorption of iron in the diet.

Failure to Thrive (FTT)

occurs in children whose nutritional intake is insufficient for supporting normal growth and weight gain, presents before 2 years of age

what causes FTT

metabolism, acid reflex, anemia, diarrhea, cystic fibrosis, chron's disease, celiac disease, cleft palate, Gerd, milk allergies, hyperthyroidism, heart disease, inability to breast feed inadequate food supply, neglect

bowel movement of infants

bowel movements of infants go through many changes in color and consistency, hard dry = dehydrated, watery=diarrhea

colic

unstoppable and progressive crying and stomach problems, impacts 1/5 infants starting between 2 and 4 weeks of age, no explanation to it but goes away around 3-4 months of age.

teething

baby teeth develop around 6-12 months of age and be fully in around age of 3, painful for babies

spitting up and vomiting

common among infants but if its severe go to doctor

urination

infants urinate very 1-6 hours

jaundice

babies are born yellow because of a build ip on bilirubin which breaks down red blood cells because the liver is supposed to remove it but is not super powerful at this time. put in incubator.

how does immunization protect health?

prevent harmful disease, most childhood vaccines produce immunity 90-100% of the time,

who approves vaccines?

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

what are vaccine preventable disease?

chickenpox, diphtheria, Hib, Hep A and B, influenza, measles, mumps, pertussis, polio, pneumococcal, rotavirus, rubella, tetanus

most common injuries for 1 year old

nonfatal suffocation

children ages 4 and under have the highest rate for what non fatal injuries?

fires, burns, falls, poisonings,

leading cause of death in infants under 1

suffocation

leading cause of death for 4 and under

drowning.

how long do new borns sleep a day

16.5 hours

how long do one month olds sleep per day

15 hours

how long do 6 months sleep per day

14 hour

how long do 2 year olds sleep per day

10 hours

how long do new borns spend in REM sleep

50% which decreases to 25% in childhood

what did Piaget think about childhood development?

thinks children develop cognitively on their own from genetic factors and that children developed in stages

Piaget's stages of cognitive development

1. sensorimotor (birth -2)
2. preoperational (2-7)
3. concrete operational(7-11)
4. formal operational (12-adulthood)

Substages of Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage

simple reflex (birth-1 month), primary circular reactions (1 to 4 months), secondary circular reactions (4 to 8 months), coordination of circular reactions (8 to 12 months), tertiary circular reactions (12 to 18 months), internalization of schemes and early representational thought (18 months to 2 years)

Object Permanence (Piaget)

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived. Infants seem to have this much younger than Piaget first assumed.

the A-not-B error

the tendency to reach for a hidden object where it was last found rather than in the new location where it was last hidden. the data does not always support Paige's claim that certain processes are crucial in transitions from one stage to the next.

Vygotsky beliefs

development is determined by environmental factors. you are influences by adult/peer reactions. you learn first from others and then internalize learning after.

2 Month Cognitive Milestones

pays attention to faces, begins to follow things with eyes and recognize people at a distance, begins to act bored

4 Month Cognitive Milestones

lets you know if happy or sad, responds to affection, reaches for toy with one hand, uses hands and eyes together, follows moving things with eyes, watches faces closely, recognizes familiar things

6 month cognitive milestones

looks around at things nearby, brings things to mouth, shows curiosity, begins to pass things from one hand to the other

9 month cognitive milestones

watches the path of something as it falls, looks for things hidden, plays peek-a-boo, puts things in mouth, moves things smoothy hand to hand, picks up stuff

1 year cognitive milestones

explores, finds hidden things, looks at right object when napes, copies gestures, uses things correctly, bangs things together, pokes, follows simple direction

18 month old cognitive milestones

knows what things are, points to get attention, shows interest in tolls, pretending, scribbles, can follow one step commands

2 year old cognitive milestones

find things even when hidden well, sort shapes and objects, completes sentences, plays make-believe games, builds, dominant hand, two step commands, names items

Language Development Stages

infants: intentional vocalizations, 4-6 months: babbling/gesturing, 10 months: understanding, 12-13 months: holophrasis speech, after wards: under extension, first words, cultural influences, vocabulary growth spurt, two word sentences, telegraphic speech

children directed speech (CDS)

universal tendency to exaggerate vowels and consonants with high pitches voice and facial expressions when speaking to children

Chomsky Theory of Language Development

the language acquisition device, has the view that infants are equipped with a neurological construct referred to as the LAD. language will develop as infants are exposed to it and they do not need teaching.

social pragmatics

another view that emphasizes the child's active engagement in learning language out of a need to communicate. the child seeks info, memorizes and imitates the speech they hear.

pavlov theory of cognitive development, learning, memory

learned response called conditioned response.

Classic Conditioning (Pavlov)

a form of learning that consists of associating an initially neutral stimulus with a stimulus that always evokes a particular reflexive response

Operant Conditioning (Skinner)

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

positive reinforcement

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food.