APHUG

Formal (uniform) (homogenous)

an area linked by language, religeon or economic prosperity, like scandinavia, the E.U., nation states like Japan and areas like sudan vs. south sudan.

Functional (nodal)

an area organized around a node or function, often based around economic activities, travel & communication, like pizza delivery region, bus system, internet, airport

Perceptual (vernacular)

an area with no perfect definition, very perceptual like what countries are in the middle east, or american south?

Region

a geographic area that shares the same characteristics throughout.

Global scale

entire world (biggest scale)

Regional scale

regions, like Afro-Eurasia, North America

National Scale

single country or nation, France, Algeria

Local Scale

province, city, state

SCALE OF ANALYSIS is DIFFERENT from SCALE

scale is the whole map and scale of analysis is how deep your analysis is, global, regional, national, local?

Environmental Possibilism

the POSSIBILITY that the environment limits society but people can find ways out of the limits

Environmental Determinism

the environment DETERMINES the limits/possibilities for society

Land use

how land has been modified for a certain use, ex. agricultural, industrial, recreational, residential, commercial, transportational.

Sustainability

using earth’s resources so that they won’t run out for posterity

renewable & nonrenewable resources

can be used multiple times without running out, ex. trees, crops, can only be used once ex. oil, natural gas.

Distance Decay

the effect of distance on cultural or spatial interactions, larger the distance-the less the interaction

time-space compression

the reduction of time it takes something or someone to get from point A to point B.

Physical characteristics

rivers, mountains, climate, vegetation

Human Characteristics

religion, language, demographics,

Site factors

characteristics that are at a specific location, physical characteristics.

Situation factors

connections between one location and another, the accessibility, proximity to resources & economic connections like trade.

sense of place & placelessness

a strong feeling of a place, the opposite.

absolute direction, distance and location

the exact direction something is in, the exact distance something is from something else, the exact location of something

Goode Homolosine

Maintains true size and shape distortes map edges, bad direction. Looks like zigzag

Fuller

land is uninterrupted but has no cardinal direction and distorts the farther away from the centerpoint you go. looks like origami

Robinson

majority of distortion at poles, but maintains true size and shape

Winkel tripel

similar to robinson, but has a round look and is stretched at the sides, spreads distortion throughout map but poles are very distorted

Reference maps

informational, shows boundaries, names and geographic features

Thematic maps

shows data distribution using different themes (colors etc.)

Choropleth

map that uses color to show data

isoline

map that connects lines of similar data, often used for weather

Graduated symbol

uses symbols of different sizes to show data

Cartogram

changes the size of countries to show data of how much/little one country has/does/uses etc.

Gall - Peters

one of the most accurate for true size, alot of distortion in shape and direction, stretched vertically (peter)

Small scale

world, europe, asia, there is a small scale (small zoom) so it doesnt see all the details

large scale

cities, neighbourhoods, waterpark, lots of details

Relative direction, distance, location

where something is based on surroundings, the approximate distance something is from something else, something’s location based on surroundings

Mollewiede

distorts the shape and angle, but has the correct sizes, looks very horizontally stretched

Azimuthal

Shape and distance distorts as you get farther from the north pole, looks like a birds eye view

Meridians

arcs drawn between North and South poles (longitude)  Prime meridian - passes through England, vertical line 

International Date line

opposite the prime Meridan, and is super wonky and squiggly, vertical 

Parallels

Circles drawn around the globe, parallel to the equator (latitude) (like a ladder)

(0,0)

this is the point where the prime meridian and equator cross

GMT

local time in greenwich, which used to be a standard now replaced by the unviersal time

Time Zones

Earth is divided into 360 of longitude. Divide 360 by 24 time zones (one for each hour of the day) each 15 band of longitude is assigned to a standard time zone. 

GIS

geo info science, satellites orbiting the earth to analyze data about earth. Uses layering to  harvest data and show connections. 

GPS

global positioning system, helps with directions,tracking stations to locate at least 4 satellites and calculate the distance between them to find your precise location. 

 

GIS and GPS are ….

geospatial technologies

Interrupted map

tries to remove parts of the globe for less distortion

unninterrupted map

displays all parts of the earths surface

qualitative data

info in word form and can be debated and argued about like a survey about school lunch.

quantitative data

info that oftem in number form, objective & not up for debate, like a gov census.

Spatial association

the relationships between different objects in an area, like density concentrations and patterns

Density

the number of things in an area (dot density map, is how many dots in a state)

Concentration

how packed/ dispersed something is in an area like how the pulp in orange juice always CONCENTRATES at the bottom.

Population distribution

pattern of where people live

Population density

patten of how many people live somewhere

Ecumene

an area that is inhabited (people live there)

Arithmetic

total population/ total land

physiological

total population/ total arable land

agricultural

total amount of farmers/ total arable land

Urban comunities are affected by population distribution by …

more political power, less vote because they are in a bigger population, variety of jobs that people compete for, goods and services are easily available, higher cost of living, fewer children & green spaces

Rural communites are affected by population distribution by…

less political power, but more vote because they represent more land, less goods/ services available, lower cost of living, more children & green spaces, more effort to get services.

Urban sprawl

spread of urban development to nearby undeveloped areas

Sex ratio

Ratio of males to females in a population

you calculate the sex ratio by….

number of male births/ number of female births x 100

parts of a population pyramid

pre-reproductive, reproductive, post-reproductive

Dependancy Ratio

how many people a society has to support

how to calculate the dependancy ratio

number of children 0-14 & number of adults 65+/ working age population (15-64)

how to read the calculations of a sex ratio

more than 100 = more male births, less than 100 = more female births, exactaly 100 = equal.

how to read the calculation of dependancy ratio

smaller number = not too much work, bigger number = more services/work to support population

Crude birth rate (CBR)

total number of births annually per 1000 people alive

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

total number of deaths annually for every 1000 people alive

Total fertility Rate (TFR)

the average # of children a woman will have

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

total number of deaths <1 year old anually for every 1000 live births

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

the percentage of a population growth anually ONLY COUNTS NATURAL BIRTHS/DEATHS NO IMMIGRATION

How to calculate the NIR?

CBR - CDR

Stage 1

no longer any countries, lacking sanitation, medicine & contraceptives, main goal is basic neccesities.

Stage 2

Europe & North America first then the rest, increased their medicine & food surplus, increased rates of migration to urban areas & emmigration.

Stage 3

more people in the city, no need for large families, medical advancements, women participate more

Stage 4

USA, China, higher rates of women in education, more tertiary jobs, more intra-regional migration, may experience ZPG (zero population growth)

Stage 5

negative NIR, no country has entered it yet, geographers debate on whether countries like japan and germany have entered

did the industrial revolution lead to the enclosure movement or vice versa

vice versa, the migration of poor farmers to the city helped start the industrial revolution

Enclosure movement

a time when small farms were consolidated into larger farms, communally owened to privately owned.

Thomas Malthus

English Economer during the Industrial Revolution (stage 2)

neo malthusians believe…

they believe in Malthus’s core ideas

Malthusian catastrophe

when the population exceeds its carrying capacity

Critisicms to Malthus’s theory

food does not grow arithmetically (thanks to agricultural revolution)
population doesnt continue to grow exponentially

DTM connection to Malthusian theroy

Malthus created this theory in stage 2 (massive population boom)
Malthus did not realize societies would transition to other stages
only works if society doesn’t transition to other stages

Malthusian theory was wrong because

with new advancements we are now able to make more food on less land & new economic opportunities equal less chance of malthusian catastrophe

Exponential growth

J curve, like exponents its grows unevenly and suddenly

Arithmetic growth

constant equal growth, like normal arithmetic numbers

Pro-natalist policies & what they use

they seek to promote people to have more kids and use propoganda, tax incentives, offer more resources, reducing economic & political barriers
countries like russia, south korea, singapore & denmark are pro-natalist

Anti-natalist policies & what they use

they seek to reduce a societies birth rate and use propoganda, policies like the one child policy in china, and immigration laws
China & India are anti-natalist countries

MMR

maternal mortality rate; annual deaths of females from pregnancy related causes

Ravensteins law of migration

migration is mostly short distance and happens in steps
long distance migrants go to big cities
most migrants are young adults moving for economic reasons
women are more likely to do short distance while men long distance migration
migration creates a counterflow